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docs/atl/reference/ccomvariant-class.md

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If the `VARIANT` contains an interface pointer, `GetSize` queries for `IPersistStream` or `IPersistStreamInit`. If successful, the return value is the low-order 32 bits of the value returned by `GetSizeMax` plus `sizeof(CLSID)` and `sizeof(VARTYPE)`. If the interface pointer is `NULL`, `GetSize` returns `sizeof(CLSID)` plus `sizeof(VARTYPE)`. If the total size is larger than `ULONG_MAX`, `GetSize` returns `sizeof(VARTYPE)`, which indicates an error.
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In all other cases, a temporary `VARIANT` of type `VT_BSTR` is coerced from the current `VARIANT`. The length of this `BSTR` is calculated as the size of the length of the string plus the length of the string itself plus the size of the `NULL` character plus `sizeof(VARTYPE)`. If the `VARIANT` cant be coerced to a `VARIANT` of type `VT_BSTR`, `GetSize` returns `sizeof(VARTYPE)`.
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In all other cases, a temporary `VARIANT` of type `VT_BSTR` is coerced from the current `VARIANT`. The length of this `BSTR` is calculated as the size of the length of the string plus the length of the string itself plus the size of the `NULL` character plus `sizeof(VARTYPE)`. If the `VARIANT` can't be coerced to a `VARIANT` of type `VT_BSTR`, `GetSize` returns `sizeof(VARTYPE)`.
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The size returned by this method matches the number of bytes used by [`CComVariant::WriteToStream`](#writetostream) under successful conditions.
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docs/atl/reference/cregkey-class.md

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The security access for the key. The default value is `KEY_READ | KEY_WRITE`. For a list of possible values and descriptions, see `RegCreateKeyEx`.
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*`lpSecAttr`*\
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A pointer to a [`SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES`](/previous-versions/windows/desktop/legacy/aa379560\(v=vs.85\)) structure that indicates whether the handle of the key can be inherited by a child process. By default, this parameter is `NULL` (meaning the handle cant be inherited).
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A pointer to a [`SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES`](/previous-versions/windows/desktop/legacy/aa379560\(v=vs.85\)) structure that indicates whether the handle of the key can be inherited by a child process. By default, this parameter is `NULL` (meaning the handle can't be inherited).
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*`lpdwDisposition`*\
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[out] If non-`NULL`, retrieves either `REG_CREATED_NEW_KEY` (if the key didn't exist and was created) or `REG_OPENED_EXISTING_KEY` (if the key existed and was opened).
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Handle to an event. If the *`bAsync`* parameter is `TRUE`, the method returns immediately and changes are reported by signaling this event. If *`bAsync`* is `FALSE`, *`hEvent`* is ignored.
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*`bAsync`*\
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Specifies a flag that indicates how the method reports changes. If this parameter is `TRUE`, the method returns immediately and reports changes by signaling the specified event. When this parameter is `FALSE`, the method doesn't return until a change has occurred. If *`hEvent`* doesn't specify a valid event, the *`bAsync`* parameter cant be `TRUE`.
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Specifies a flag that indicates how the method reports changes. If this parameter is `TRUE`, the method returns immediately and reports changes by signaling the specified event. When this parameter is `FALSE`, the method doesn't return until a change has occurred. If *`hEvent`* doesn't specify a valid event, the *`bAsync`* parameter can't be `TRUE`.
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### Return Value
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docs/atl/reference/cwindow-class.md

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### Return Value
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Returns `S_OK` on success or any valid error `HRESULT`. For example, the function returns `E_FAIL` if the control specified by *`nID`* cant be found and it returns `E_NOINTERFACE` if the control can be found, but it doesn't support the interface specified by *`iid`*.
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Returns `S_OK` on success or any valid error `HRESULT`. For example, the function returns `E_FAIL` if the control specified by *`nID`* can't be found and it returns `E_NOINTERFACE` if the control can be found, but it doesn't support the interface specified by *`iid`*.
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### Remarks
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docs/build/walkthrough-build-debug-wsl2.md

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Visual Studio 2022 introduces a native C++ toolset for Windows Subsystem for Linux version 2 (WSL 2) development. This toolset is available now in [Visual Studio 2022 version 17.0](https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/downloads/) or higher.
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WSL 2 is the new, recommended version of the [Windows Subsystem for Linux](/windows/wsl/about) (WSL). It provides better Linux file system performance, GUI support, and full system call compatibility. Visual Studios WSL 2 toolset allows you to use Visual Studio to build and debug C++ code on WSL 2 distros without adding a SSH connection. You can already build and debug C++ code on WSL 1 distros using the native [WSL 1 toolset](https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/c-with-visual-studio-2019-and-windows-subsystem-for-linux-wsl/) introduced in Visual Studio 2019 version 16.1.
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WSL 2 is the new, recommended version of the [Windows Subsystem for Linux](/windows/wsl/about) (WSL). It provides better Linux file system performance, GUI support, and full system call compatibility. Visual Studio's WSL 2 toolset allows you to use Visual Studio to build and debug C++ code on WSL 2 distros without adding a SSH connection. You can already build and debug C++ code on WSL 1 distros using the native [WSL 1 toolset](https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/c-with-visual-studio-2019-and-windows-subsystem-for-linux-wsl/) introduced in Visual Studio 2019 version 16.1.
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Visual Studios WSL 2 toolset supports both CMake and MSBuild-based Linux projects. CMake is our recommendation for all C++ cross-platform development with Visual Studio. We recommend CMake because it build and debug the same project on Windows, WSL, and remote systems.
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Visual Studio's WSL 2 toolset supports both CMake and MSBuild-based Linux projects. CMake is our recommendation for all C++ cross-platform development with Visual Studio. We recommend CMake because it build and debug the same project on Windows, WSL, and remote systems.
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For a video presentation of the information in this topic, see [Video: Debug C++ with WSL 2 Distributions and Visual Studio 2022.](https://youtu.be/IKI2w75aAow)
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## Install the build tools
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Install the tools necessary to build and debug on WSL 2. You'll install a recent version of CMake using Visual Studios CMake binary deployment in a later step.
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Install the tools necessary to build and debug on WSL 2. You'll install a recent version of CMake using Visual Studio's CMake binary deployment in a later step.
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1. Install WSL and a WSL 2 distro by following the instructions at [Install WSL](/windows/wsl/install-win10).
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1. Assuming your distro uses `apt` (this walkthrough uses Ubuntu), use the following commands to install the required build tools on your WSL 2 distro:
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4. In the **Search for templates** textbox, type "cmake". Choose the **CMake Project** type and select **Next**. Give the project a name and location, and then select **Create**.
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5. Enable Visual Studios CMake Presets integration. Select **Tools** > **Options** > **CMake** > **General**. Select **Prefer using CMake Presets for configure, build, and test**, then select **OK**. Instead, you could have added a `CMakePresets.json` file to the root of the project. For more information, see [Enable CMake Presets integration](cmake-presets-vs.md#enable-cmakepresets-json-integration).
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5. Enable Visual Studio's CMake Presets integration. Select **Tools** > **Options** > **CMake** > **General**. Select **Prefer using CMake Presets for configure, build, and test**, then select **OK**. Instead, you could have added a `CMakePresets.json` file to the root of the project. For more information, see [Enable CMake Presets integration](cmake-presets-vs.md#enable-cmakepresets-json-integration).
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![Screenshot of CMake general options screen with Prefer using CMake Presets for configure, build, and test highlighted and selected](media/cmake-general-prefer-cmake-presets.png)
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![Visual Studio prompt beneath the toolbar that says: supported cmake version is not present. Install latest CMake binaries from Cmake.org? Yes no](media/vs2022-supported-cmake-not-present-prompt.png)
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12. Confirm that the configure step has completed and that you can see the **CMake generation finished** message in the **Output** window under the **CMake** pane. Build files are written to a directory in the WSL 2 distros file system.
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12. Confirm that the configure step has completed and that you can see the **CMake generation finished** message in the **Output** window under the **CMake** pane. Build files are written to a directory in the WSL 2 distro's file system.
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![Output window showing message that CMake generation is done](media/vs-output-window-cmake-generation.png)
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If **forceWSL1Tooslet** is set to **true**, then Visual Studio won't maintain a copy of your source files in the WSL file system. Instead, it will access source files in the mounted Windows drive (`/mnt/`…).
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In most cases, its best to use the WSL 2 toolset with WSL 2 distributions because WSL 2 is slower when project files are instead stored in the Windows file system. To learn more about file system performance in WSL 2, see [Comparing WSL 1 and WSL 2](/windows/wsl/compare-versions).
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In most cases, it's best to use the WSL 2 toolset with WSL 2 distributions because WSL 2 is slower when project files are instead stored in the Windows file system. To learn more about file system performance in WSL 2, see [Comparing WSL 1 and WSL 2](/windows/wsl/compare-versions).
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Specify advanced settings such as the path to the directory on WSL 2 where the project will be copied, copy source options, and rsync command arguments, in the Visual Studio Remote Settings vendor map in `CMakePresets.json`. For more information, see [Visual Studio Remote Settings vendor map](cmake-presets-json-reference.md#visual-studio-remote-settings-vendor-map).
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If you're targeting a WSL 2 distribution and you don't want to use the WSL 2 toolset, then in **Property Pages** > **General** > **Platform Toolset**, select the **GCC for Windows Subsystem for Linux** or **Clang for Windows Subsystem for Linux** toolset. If either of these toolsets are selected, Visual Studio won't maintain a copy of your source files in the WSL file system and will instead access source files over the mounted Windows drive (`/mnt/`…). System headers are still automatically copied to the Windows file system to provide a native IntelliSense experience. Customize the headers that are included or excluded from this copy in **Property Pages** > **General**.
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In most cases, its best to use the WSL 2 toolset with WSL 2 distributions because WSL 2 is slower when project files are stored in the Windows file system. To to learn more, see [Comparing WSL 1 and WSL 2](/windows/wsl/compare-versions).
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In most cases, it's best to use the WSL 2 toolset with WSL 2 distributions because WSL 2 is slower when project files are stored in the Windows file system. To to learn more, see [Comparing WSL 1 and WSL 2](/windows/wsl/compare-versions).
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## See also
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docs/c-runtime-library/console-and-port-i-o.md

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# Console and Port I/O
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These routines read and write on your console or on the specified port. The console I/O routines aren't compatible with stream I/O or low-level I/O library routines. The console or port doesn't have to be opened or closed before I/O is performed, so there are no open or close routines in this category. In the Windows operating systems, the output from these functions is always directed to the console and cant be redirected.
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These routines read and write on your console or on the specified port. The console I/O routines aren't compatible with stream I/O or low-level I/O library routines. The console or port doesn't have to be opened or closed before I/O is performed, so there are no open or close routines in this category. In the Windows operating systems, the output from these functions is always directed to the console and can't be redirected.
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## Console and Port I/O Routines
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docs/c-runtime-library/dllonexit.md

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## Return Value
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If successful, a pointer to the user's function. Otherwise, a **NULL** pointer.
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## Remarks
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docs/c-runtime-library/filename-search-functions.md

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`_MAX_PATH` is defined in `Stdlib.h` as 260 bytes.
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You cant specify target attributes (such as `_A_RDONLY`) to limit the find operation. These attributes are returned in the `attrib` field of the `_finddata_t` structure and can have the following values (defined in `IO.h`). Users shouldn't rely on these being the only values possible for the `attrib` field.
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You can't specify target attributes (such as `_A_RDONLY`) to limit the find operation. These attributes are returned in the `attrib` field of the `_finddata_t` structure and can have the following values (defined in `IO.h`). Users shouldn't rely on these being the only values possible for the `attrib` field.
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Read-only. File cant be opened for writing and a file that has the same name cant be created. Value: `0x01`.
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Read-only. File can't be opened for writing and a file that has the same name can't be created. Value: `0x01`.
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docs/c-runtime-library/process-and-environment-control.md

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In the Windows operating system, the spawned process is equivalent to the spawning process. Any process can use **`_cwait`** to wait for any other process for which the process ID is known.
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The difference between the **`_exec`** and **`_spawn`** families is that a **`_spawn`** function can return control from the new process to the calling process. In a **`_spawn`** function, both the calling process and the new process are present in memory unless **`_P_OVERLAY`** is specified. In an **`_exec`** function, the new process overlays the calling process, so control cant return to the calling process unless an error occurs in the attempt to start execution of the new process.
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The difference between the **`_exec`** and **`_spawn`** families is that a **`_spawn`** function can return control from the new process to the calling process. In a **`_spawn`** function, both the calling process and the new process are present in memory unless **`_P_OVERLAY`** is specified. In an **`_exec`** function, the new process overlays the calling process, so control can't return to the calling process unless an error occurs in the attempt to start execution of the new process.
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The differences among the functions in the **`_exec`** family, as well as among those in the **`_spawn`** family, involve the method of locating the file to be executed as the new process, the form in which arguments are passed to the new process, and the method of setting the environment, as shown in the following table. Use a function that passes an argument list when the number of arguments is constant or is known at compile time. Use a function that passes a pointer to an array containing the arguments when the number of arguments is to be determined at run time. The information in the following table also applies to the wide-character counterparts of the **`_spawn`** and **`_exec`** functions.
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docs/c-runtime-library/reference/abs-labs-llabs-abs64.md

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Because C++ allows overloading, you can call overloads of **`abs`** that take and return **`long`**, **`long long`**, **`float`**, **`double`**, and **`long double`** values. These overloads are defined in the `<cmath>` header. In a C program, **`abs`** always takes and returns an **`int`**.
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**Microsoft-specific**: Because the range of negative integers that can be represented by using any integral type is larger than the range of positive integers that can be represented by using that type, it's possible to supply an argument to these functions that can't be converted. If the absolute value of the argument cant be represented by the return type, the **`abs`** functions return the argument value unchanged. Specifically, `abs(INT_MIN)` returns `INT_MIN`, `labs(LONG_MIN)` returns `LONG_MIN`, `llabs(LLONG_MIN)` returns `LLONG_MIN`, and `_abs64(_I64_MIN)` returns `_I64_MIN`. This means that the **`abs`** functions cant be used to guarantee a positive value.
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**Microsoft-specific**: Because the range of negative integers that can be represented by using any integral type is larger than the range of positive integers that can be represented by using that type, it's possible to supply an argument to these functions that can't be converted. If the absolute value of the argument can't be represented by the return type, the **`abs`** functions return the argument value unchanged. Specifically, `abs(INT_MIN)` returns `INT_MIN`, `labs(LONG_MIN)` returns `LONG_MIN`, `llabs(LLONG_MIN)` returns `LLONG_MIN`, and `_abs64(_I64_MIN)` returns `_I64_MIN`. This means that the **`abs`** functions can't be used to guarantee a positive value.
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docs/c-runtime-library/reference/atexit.md

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The **`atexit`** function is passed the address of a function *`func`* to be called when the program terminates normally. Successive calls to **`atexit`** create a register of functions that are executed in last-in, first-out (LIFO) order. The functions passed to **`atexit`** cant take parameters. **`atexit`** and **`_onexit`** use the heap to hold the register of functions. Thus, the number of functions that can be registered is limited only by heap memory.
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The **`atexit`** function is passed the address of a function *`func`* to be called when the program terminates normally. Successive calls to **`atexit`** create a register of functions that are executed in last-in, first-out (LIFO) order. The functions passed to **`atexit`** can't take parameters. **`atexit`** and **`_onexit`** use the heap to hold the register of functions. Thus, the number of functions that can be registered is limited only by heap memory.
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