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docs/cpp/cpp-bit-fields.md

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The conceptual memory layout of an object of type `Date` is shown in the following figure:
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:::image type="complex" source="../cpp/media/vc38uq1.png" alt-text="Memory layout of a date object, showing where the nWeekDay, nMonthDay, nMonth, and nYear bit fields fall.":::
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:::image type="complex" source="../cpp/media/vc38uq1.png" alt-text="Diagram of the memory layout of a date object, showing where the n WeekDay, n MonthDay, n Month, and n Year bit fields are located.":::
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32 bits of memory are displayed in a row. Starting with the least significant bit, 3 bits are for nWeekDay. The next 6 bits are for nMonthDay. The next 5 bits are for nMonth. The next 2 bits are unused. The next 8 bits are for nYear. The remaining 8 bits are unused.
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:::image-end:::
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Then the memory layout is as shown in the following figure:
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:::image type="complex" source="../cpp/media/vc38uq2.png" alt-text="Layout of a Date object with a zero length bit field, which forces alignment padding.":::
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64 bits of memory are displayed in a row. Starting with the least significant bit, 5 bits are for nMonth. The next 8 bits are for nYear. The next 19 bits are unused. The next 3 bits are for nWeekDay. The next 6 bits are for nMonthDay. The remaining bits are unused.
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:::image type="complex" source="../cpp/media/vc38uq2.png" alt-text="Diagram of the layout of a Date object, with a zero length bit field, which forces alignment padding.":::
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64 bits of memory are displayed in a row. Starting with the least significant bit, 5 bits are for n Month. The next 8 bits are for n Year. The next 19 bits are unused. The next 3 bits are for n WeekDay. The next 6 bits are for n MonthDay. The remaining bits are unused.
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:::image-end:::
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The underlying type of a bit field must be an integral type, as described in [Built-in types](../cpp/fundamental-types-cpp.md).

docs/cpp/dynamic-cast-operator.md

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}
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```
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:::image type="complex" source="../cpp/media/vc39011.gif" alt-text="Class hierarchy that shows multiple inheritance.":::
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:::image type="complex" source="../cpp/media/vc39011.gif" alt-text="Diagram that shows multiple inheritance.":::
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The diagram shows a class hierarchy with A as a base class of B which is a base class of D. A is also a base class for C, which is a base class for D. Class D inherits from both B and C.
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:::image-end:::
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Further ambiguities can be introduced when you use virtual base classes. Consider the class hierarchy shown in the following figure.
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:::image type="complex" source="../cpp/media/vc39012.gif" alt-text="Class hierarchy that shows virtual base classes.":::
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:::image type="complex" source="../cpp/media/vc39012.gif" alt-text="Diagram of a class hierarchy that shows virtual base classes.":::
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The diagram shows the classes A, B, C, D, and E arranged as follows: Class A is a base class of B. Classes C and E each derive from B. Class E also inherits from D, which inherits from class B, which inherits from class A.
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:::image-end:::
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Class hierarchy that shows virtual base classes
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Consider the class hierarchy shown in the following figure.
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:::image type="complex" source="../cpp/media/vc39013.gif" alt-text="Class hierarchy that shows duplicate base classes.":::
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:::image type="complex" source="../cpp/media/vc39013.gif" alt-text="Diagram of a class hierarchy that shows duplicate base classes.":::
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The diagram shows the classes A, B, C, D, and E arranged as follows: Class B derives from Class A. Class C derives from class A. class D derives from class B. Class E derives from class C, which derives from class A. In this case, the duplicate base class is class A, which is directly or indirectly inherited by all the other classes. Class A is inherited directly by classes B and C, and indirectly by class D via class B, and indirectly by class E via class C, and indirectly in class D via class B.
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:::image-end:::
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Class hierarchy that shows duplicate base classes

docs/cpp/initializers.md

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ms.date: "07/29/2019"
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description: "How to initialize classes, structs, arrays and fundamental types in C++."
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helpviewer_keywords: ["arrays [C++], array-element initializers", "aggregate initializers [C++]"]
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ms.assetid: ce301ed8-aa1c-47b2-bb39-9f0541b4af85
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---
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# Initializers
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When initializing a reference-type variable, the compiler uses the decision graph shown in the following figure to select between creating a reference to an object or creating a temporary object to which the reference points.
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![Decision graph for initialization of reference types.](../cpp/media/vc38s71.gif "Decision graph for initialization of reference types") <br/>
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::image type="complex" source="../cpp/media/vc38s71.gif" alt-text="Decision graph for initialization of reference types.":::
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The decision graph begins with: is the initializer an lvalue of the same type or a type derived from the type of reference? If yes, the reference refers to the object specified in the initializer. If no, the next decision is whether the reference-type variable is a const T reference being initialized and can the initializer be implicitly converted to a T? If yes, the temporary is created and the reference variable becomes a name for that temporary. If no, it's an error.
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:::image-end:::
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Decision graph for initialization of reference types
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References to **`volatile`** types (declared as **`volatile`** *typename*<strong>&</strong> *identifier*) can be initialized with **`volatile`** objects of the same type or with objects that have not been declared as **`volatile`**. They cannot, however, be initialized with **`const`** objects of that type. Similarly, references to **`const`** types (declared as **`const`** *typename*<strong>&</strong> *identifier*) can be initialized with **`const`** objects of the same type (or anything that has a conversion to that type or with objects that have not been declared as **`const`**). They cannot, however, be initialized with **`volatile`** objects of that type.

docs/cpp/lvalues-and-rvalues-visual-cpp.md

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The following diagram illustrates the relationships between the categories:
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:::image type="complex" source="media/value_categories.png" alt-text="C++ expression value categories.":::
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The diagram begins with a box labeled expression, which has two children: glvalue and rvalue. glvalue has two children: lvalue and xvalue. rvalue has two children: prvalue, and it shares xvalue, which is also a child of glvalue.
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:::image type="complex" source="media/value_categories.png" alt-text="Diagram of C++ expression value categories.":::
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The diagram begins with a box labeled expression, which has two children: glvalue and rvalue. glvalue has two children: lvalue and xvalue. rvalue has two children: prvalue and xvalue; xvalue is also a child of glvalue.
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docs/mfc/reference/cdc-class.md

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A halftone brush shows pixels that are alternately foreground and background colors to create a dithered pattern. The following diagram shows an example of a dithered pattern created by a halftone brush:
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:::image type="complex" source="../../mfc/reference/media/vc318s1.gif" alt-text="Detail of a dithered pen stroke.":::
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:::image type="complex" source="../../mfc/reference/media/vc318s1.gif" alt-text="Diagram that shows how a dithered pen stroke is composed.":::
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The diagram shows how the background color of black, and the foreground color of yellow, are combined into a pattern by alternating the black and yellow pixels with each other to create a dithered pen stroke.
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:::image-end:::
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