Merge pull request #1 from TheAlgorithms/master

fellow Python's master

Author: liuzhen153

Graphs/pagerank.py

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+'''
+Author: https://github.com/bhushan-borole
+'''
+'''
+The input graph for the algorithm is:
+
+  A B C
+A 0 1 1
+B 0 0 1
+C 1 0 0
+
+'''
+
+graph = [[0, 1, 1],
+    	[0, 0, 1],
+    	[1, 0, 0]]
+
+
+class Node:
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+        self.inbound = []
+        self.outbound = []
+    
+    def add_inbound(self, node):
+        self.inbound.append(node)
+    
+    def add_outbound(self, node):
+        self.outbound.append(node)
+    
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'Node {}: Inbound: {} ; Outbound: {}'.format(self.name,
+                                                      	self.inbound,
+                                                      	self.outbound)
+
+
+def page_rank(nodes, limit=3, d=0.85):
+    ranks = {}
+    for node in nodes:
+        ranks[node.name] = 1
+
+    outbounds = {}
+    for node in nodes:
+        outbounds[node.name] = len(node.outbound)
+
+    for i in range(limit):
+        print("======= Iteration {} =======".format(i+1))
+        for j, node in enumerate(nodes):
+            ranks[node.name] = (1 - d) + d * sum([ ranks[ib]/outbounds[ib] for ib in node.inbound ])
+        print(ranks)
+
+
+def main():
+    names = list(input('Enter Names of the Nodes: ').split())
+
+    nodes = [Node(name) for name in names]
+    
+    for ri, row in enumerate(graph):
+        for ci, col in enumerate(row):
+            if col == 1:
+                nodes[ci].add_inbound(names[ri])
+                nodes[ri].add_outbound(names[ci])
+
+    print("======= Nodes =======")
+    for node in nodes:
+        print(node)
+
+    page_rank(nodes)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()

README.md

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 # The Algorithms - Python <!-- [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/TheAlgorithms/Python.svg)](https://travis-ci.org/TheAlgorithms/Python) -->
+[![Donate](https://img.shields.io/badge/Donate-PayPal-green.svg)](https://www.paypal.me/TheAlgorithms/100)
+
 
 ### All algorithms implemented in Python (for education)
 

compression/huffman.py

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+import sys
+
+class Letter:
+    def __init__(self, letter, freq):
+        self.letter = letter
+        self.freq = freq
+        self.bitstring = ""
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f'{self.letter}:{self.freq}'
+
+
+class TreeNode:
+    def __init__(self, freq, left, right):
+        self.freq = freq
+        self.left = left
+        self.right = right
+
+
+def parse_file(file_path):
+    """ 
+    Read the file and build a dict of all letters and their
+    frequences, then convert the dict into a list of Letters.
+    """
+    chars = {}
+    with open(file_path) as f:
+        while True:
+            c = f.read(1)
+            if not c:
+                break
+            chars[c] = chars[c] + 1 if c in chars.keys() else 1
+    letters = []
+    for char, freq in chars.items():
+        letter = Letter(char, freq)
+        letters.append(letter)
+    letters.sort(key=lambda l: l.freq)
+    return letters
+
+def build_tree(letters):
+    """ 
+    Run through the list of Letters and build the min heap
+    for the Huffman Tree.
+    """
+    while len(letters) > 1:
+        left = letters.pop(0)
+        right = letters.pop(0)
+        total_freq = left.freq + right.freq
+        node = TreeNode(total_freq, left, right)
+        letters.append(node)
+        letters.sort(key=lambda l: l.freq)
+    return letters[0]
+
+def traverse_tree(root, bitstring):
+    """ 
+    Recursively traverse the Huffman Tree to set each
+    Letter's bitstring, and return the list of Letters
+    """
+    if type(root) is Letter:
+        root.bitstring = bitstring
+        return [root]
+    letters = []
+    letters += traverse_tree(root.left, bitstring + "0")
+    letters += traverse_tree(root.right, bitstring + "1")
+    return letters
+
+def huffman(file_path):
+    """ 
+    Parse the file, build the tree, then run through the file
+    again, using the list of Letters to find and print out the 
+    bitstring for each letter.
+    """
+    letters_list = parse_file(file_path)
+    root = build_tree(letters_list)
+    letters = traverse_tree(root, "")
+    print(f'Huffman Coding of {file_path}: ')
+    with open(file_path) as f:
+        while True:
+            c = f.read(1)
+            if not c:
+                break
+            le = list(filter(lambda l: l.letter == c, letters))[0]
+            print(le.bitstring, end=" ")
+    print()
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    # pass the file path to the huffman function
+    huffman(sys.argv[1])

graphs/Directed and Undirected (Weighted) Graph.py

@@ -152,6 +152,7 @@ def cycle_nodes(self):
 		parent = -2
 		indirect_parents = []
 		ss = s
+		on_the_way_back = False
 		anticipating_nodes = set()
 
 		while True:
@@ -199,6 +200,7 @@ def has_cycle(self):
 		parent = -2
 		indirect_parents = []
 		ss = s
+		on_the_way_back = False
 		anticipating_nodes = set()
 
 		while True:
@@ -367,6 +369,7 @@ def cycle_nodes(self):
 		parent = -2
 		indirect_parents = []
 		ss = s
+		on_the_way_back = False
 		anticipating_nodes = set()
 
 		while True:
@@ -414,6 +417,7 @@ def has_cycle(self):
 		parent = -2
 		indirect_parents = []
 		ss = s
+		on_the_way_back = False
 		anticipating_nodes = set()
 
 		while True:

maths/BinaryExponentiation.py

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#Author : Junth Basnet
+#Time Complexity : O(logn)
+
+def binary_exponentiation(a, n):
+    
+    if (n == 0):
+        return 1
+    
+    elif (n % 2 == 1):
+        return binary_exponentiation(a, n - 1) * a
+    
+    else:
+        b = binary_exponentiation(a, n / 2)
+        return b * b
+
+    
+try:
+    base = int(input('Enter Base : '))
+    power = int(input("Enter Power : "))
+except ValueError:
+    print ("Invalid literal for integer")
+
+result = binary_exponentiation(base, power)
+print("{}^({}) : {}".format(base, power, result))
+    

maths/PrimeCheck.py

@@ -1,13 +1,54 @@
 import math
+import unittest
+
+
 def primeCheck(number):
-    if number % 2 == 0 and number > 2: 
+    """
+    A number is prime if it has exactly two dividers: 1 and itself.
+    """
+    if number < 2:
+        # Negatives, 0 and 1 are not primes
         return False
-    return all(number % i for i in range(3, int(math.sqrt(number)) + 1, 2))
+    if number < 4:
+        # 2 and 3 are primes
+        return True
+    if number % 2 == 0:
+        # Even values are not primes
+        return False
+
+    # Except 2, all primes are odd. If any odd value divide
+    # the number, then that number is not prime.
+    odd_numbers = range(3, int(math.sqrt(number)) + 1, 2)
+    return not any(number % i == 0 for i in odd_numbers)
+
+
+class Test(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_primes(self):
+        self.assertTrue(primeCheck(2))
+        self.assertTrue(primeCheck(3))
+        self.assertTrue(primeCheck(5))
+        self.assertTrue(primeCheck(7))
+        self.assertTrue(primeCheck(11))
+        self.assertTrue(primeCheck(13))
+        self.assertTrue(primeCheck(17))
+        self.assertTrue(primeCheck(19))
+        self.assertTrue(primeCheck(23))
+        self.assertTrue(primeCheck(29))
+
+    def test_not_primes(self):
+        self.assertFalse(primeCheck(-19),
+                "Negative numbers are not prime.")
+        self.assertFalse(primeCheck(0),
+                "Zero doesn't have any divider, primes must have two")
+        self.assertFalse(primeCheck(1),
+                "One just have 1 divider, primes must have two.")
+        self.assertFalse(primeCheck(2 * 2))
+        self.assertFalse(primeCheck(2 * 3))
+        self.assertFalse(primeCheck(3 * 3))
+        self.assertFalse(primeCheck(3 * 5))
+        self.assertFalse(primeCheck(3 * 5 * 7))
 
-def main():
-    print(primeCheck(37))
-    print(primeCheck(100))
-    print(primeCheck(77))
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
-	main()
+    unittest.main()
+

other/sierpinski_triangle.py

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 Usage:
   - $python sierpinski_triangle.py <int:depth_for_fractal>
 
-Credits: This code was written by editing the code from http://www.lpb-riannetrujillo.com/blog/python-fractal/
+Credits: This code was written by editing the code from http://www.riannetrujillo.com/blog/python-fractal/
 
 '''
 import turtle
@@ -64,4 +64,4 @@ def triangle(points,depth):
                    depth-1)
 
 
-triangle(points,int(sys.argv[1]))
+triangle(points,int(sys.argv[1]))

project_euler/problem_02/sol4.py

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import math
+from decimal import *
+
+getcontext().prec = 100
+phi = (Decimal(5) ** Decimal(0.5) + 1) / Decimal(2)
+
+n = Decimal(int(input()) - 1)
+
+index = (math.floor(math.log(n * (phi + 2), phi) - 1)  // 3) * 3 + 2
+num = round(phi ** Decimal(index + 1)) / (phi + 2)
+sum = num // 2
+
+print(int(sum))

searches/binary_search.py

@@ -21,10 +21,10 @@
 def binary_search(sorted_collection, item):
     """Pure implementation of binary search algorithm in Python
 
-    Be careful collection must be sorted, otherwise result will be
+    Be careful collection must be ascending sorted, otherwise result will be
     unpredictable
 
-    :param sorted_collection: some sorted collection with comparable items
+    :param sorted_collection: some ascending sorted collection with comparable items
     :param item: item value to search
     :return: index of found item or None if item is not found
 
@@ -60,10 +60,10 @@ def binary_search(sorted_collection, item):
 def binary_search_std_lib(sorted_collection, item):
     """Pure implementation of binary search algorithm in Python using stdlib
 
-    Be careful collection must be sorted, otherwise result will be
+    Be careful collection must be ascending sorted, otherwise result will be
     unpredictable
 
-    :param sorted_collection: some sorted collection with comparable items
+    :param sorted_collection: some ascending sorted collection with comparable items
     :param item: item value to search
     :return: index of found item or None if item is not found
 
@@ -89,11 +89,11 @@ def binary_search_by_recursion(sorted_collection, item, left, right):
 
     """Pure implementation of binary search algorithm in Python by recursion
 
-    Be careful collection must be sorted, otherwise result will be
+    Be careful collection must be ascending sorted, otherwise result will be
     unpredictable
     First recursion should be started with left=0 and right=(len(sorted_collection)-1)
 
-    :param sorted_collection: some sorted collection with comparable items
+    :param sorted_collection: some ascending sorted collection with comparable items
     :param item: item value to search
     :return: index of found item or None if item is not found
 
@@ -123,11 +123,11 @@ def binary_search_by_recursion(sorted_collection, item, left, right):
         return binary_search_by_recursion(sorted_collection, item, midpoint+1, right)
 
 def __assert_sorted(collection):
-    """Check if collection is sorted, if not - raises :py:class:`ValueError`
+    """Check if collection is ascending sorted, if not - raises :py:class:`ValueError`
 
     :param collection: collection
-    :return: True if collection is sorted
-    :raise: :py:class:`ValueError` if collection is not sorted
+    :return: True if collection is ascending sorted
+    :raise: :py:class:`ValueError` if collection is not ascending sorted
 
     Examples:
     >>> __assert_sorted([0, 1, 2, 4])
@@ -136,10 +136,10 @@ def __assert_sorted(collection):
     >>> __assert_sorted([10, -1, 5])
     Traceback (most recent call last):
     ...
-    ValueError: Collection must be sorted
+    ValueError: Collection must be ascending sorted
     """
     if collection != sorted(collection):
-        raise ValueError('Collection must be sorted')
+        raise ValueError('Collection must be ascending sorted')
     return True
 
 
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ def __assert_sorted(collection):
     try:
         __assert_sorted(collection)
     except ValueError:
-        sys.exit('Sequence must be sorted to apply binary search')
+        sys.exit('Sequence must be ascending sorted to apply binary search')
 
     target_input = raw_input('Enter a single number to be found in the list:\n')
     target = int(target_input)