lguest: documentation III: Drivers

Documentation: The Drivers

Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>

Author: rustyrussell

drivers/block/lguest_blk.c

@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
-/* A simple block driver for lguest.
+/*D:400
+ * The Guest block driver
  *
- * Copyright 2006 Rusty Russell <[email protected]> IBM Corporation
+ * This is a simple block driver, which appears as /dev/lgba, lgbb, lgbc etc.
+ * The mechanism is simple: we place the information about the request in the
+ * device page, then use SEND_DMA (containing the data for a write, or an empty
+ * "ping" DMA for a read).
+ :*/
+/* Copyright 2006 Rusty Russell <[email protected]> IBM Corporation
  *
  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
  * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -25,27 +31,50 @@
 
 static char next_block_index = 'a';
 
+/*D:420 Here is the structure which holds all the information we need about
+ * each Guest block device.
+ *
+ * I'm sure at this stage, you're wondering "hey, where was the adventure I was
+ * promised?" and thinking "Rusty sucks, I shall say nasty things about him on
+ * my blog".  I think Real adventures have boring bits, too, and you're in the
+ * middle of one.  But it gets better.  Just not quite yet. */
 struct blockdev
 {
+	/* The block queue infrastructure wants a spinlock: it is held while it
+	 * calls our block request function.  We grab it in our interrupt
+	 * handler so the responses don't mess with new requests. */
 	spinlock_t lock;
 
-	/* The disk structure for the kernel. */
+	/* The disk structure registered with kernel. */
 	struct gendisk *disk;
 
-	/* The major number for this disk. */
+	/* The major device number for this disk, and the interrupt.  We only
+	 * really keep them here for completeness; we'd need them if we
+	 * supported device unplugging. */
 	int major;
 	int irq;
 
+	/* The physical address of this device's memory page */
 	unsigned long phys_addr;
-	/* The mapped block page. */
+	/* The mapped memory page for convenient acces. */
 	struct lguest_block_page *lb_page;
 
-	/* We only have a single request outstanding at a time. */
+	/* We only have a single request outstanding at a time: this is it. */
 	struct lguest_dma dma;
 	struct request *req;
 };
 
-/* Jens gave me this nice helper to end all chunks of a request. */
+/*D:495 We originally used end_request() throughout the driver, but it turns
+ * out that end_request() is deprecated, and doesn't actually end the request
+ * (which seems like a good reason to deprecate it!).  It simply ends the first
+ * bio.  So if we had 3 bios in a "struct request" we would do all 3,
+ * end_request(), do 2, end_request(), do 1 and end_request(): twice as much
+ * work as we needed to do.
+ *
+ * This reinforced to me that I do not understand the block layer.
+ *
+ * Nonetheless, Jens Axboe gave me this nice helper to end all chunks of a
+ * request.  This improved disk speed by 130%. */
 static void end_entire_request(struct request *req, int uptodate)
 {
 	if (end_that_request_first(req, uptodate, req->hard_nr_sectors))
@@ -55,30 +84,62 @@ static void end_entire_request(struct request *req, int uptodate)
 	end_that_request_last(req, uptodate);
 }
 
+/* I'm told there are only two stories in the world worth telling: love and
+ * hate.  So there used to be a love scene here like this:
+ *
+ *  Launcher:	We could make beautiful I/O together, you and I.
+ *  Guest:	My, that's a big disk!
+ *
+ * Unfortunately, it was just too raunchy for our otherwise-gentle tale. */
+
+/*D:490 This is the interrupt handler, called when a block read or write has
+ * been completed for us. */
 static irqreturn_t lgb_irq(int irq, void *_bd)
 {
+	/* We handed our "struct blockdev" as the argument to request_irq(), so
+	 * it is passed through to us here.  This tells us which device we're
+	 * dealing with in case we have more than one. */
 	struct blockdev *bd = _bd;
 	unsigned long flags;
 
+	/* We weren't doing anything?  Strange, but could happen if we shared
+	 * interrupts (we don't!). */
 	if (!bd->req) {
 		pr_debug("No work!\n");
 		return IRQ_NONE;
 	}
 
+	/* Not done yet?  That's equally strange. */
 	if (!bd->lb_page->result) {
 		pr_debug("No result!\n");
 		return IRQ_NONE;
 	}
 
+	/* We have to grab the lock before ending the request. */
 	spin_lock_irqsave(&bd->lock, flags);
+	/* "result" is 1 for success, 2 for failure: end_entire_request() wants
+	 * to know whether this succeeded or not. */
 	end_entire_request(bd->req, bd->lb_page->result == 1);
+	/* Clear out request, it's done. */
 	bd->req = NULL;
+	/* Reset incoming DMA for next time. */
 	bd->dma.used_len = 0;
+	/* Ready for more reads or writes */
 	blk_start_queue(bd->disk->queue);
 	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&bd->lock, flags);
+
+	/* The interrupt was for us, we dealt with it. */
 	return IRQ_HANDLED;
 }
 
+/*D:480 The block layer's "struct request" contains a number of "struct bio"s,
+ * each of which contains "struct bio_vec"s, each of which contains a page, an
+ * offset and a length.
+ *
+ * Fortunately there are iterators to help us walk through the "struct
+ * request".  Even more fortunately, there were plenty of places to steal the
+ * code from.  We pack the "struct request" into our "struct lguest_dma" and
+ * return the total length. */
 static unsigned int req_to_dma(struct request *req, struct lguest_dma *dma)
 {
 	unsigned int i = 0, idx, len = 0;
@@ -87,35 +148,53 @@ static unsigned int req_to_dma(struct request *req, struct lguest_dma *dma)
 	rq_for_each_bio(bio, req) {
 		struct bio_vec *bvec;
 		bio_for_each_segment(bvec, bio, idx) {
+			/* We told the block layer not to give us too many. */
 			BUG_ON(i == LGUEST_MAX_DMA_SECTIONS);
+			/* If we had a zero-length segment, it would look like
+			 * the end of the data referred to by the "struct
+			 * lguest_dma", so make sure that doesn't happen. */
 			BUG_ON(!bvec->bv_len);
+			/* Convert page & offset to a physical address */
 			dma->addr[i] = page_to_phys(bvec->bv_page)
 				+ bvec->bv_offset;
 			dma->len[i] = bvec->bv_len;
 			len += bvec->bv_len;
 			i++;
 		}
 	}
+	/* If the array isn't full, we mark the end with a 0 length */
 	if (i < LGUEST_MAX_DMA_SECTIONS)
 		dma->len[i] = 0;
 	return len;
 }
 
+/* This creates an empty DMA, useful for prodding the Host without sending data
+ * (ie. when we want to do a read) */
 static void empty_dma(struct lguest_dma *dma)
 {
 	dma->len[0] = 0;
 }
 
+/*D:470 Setting up a request is fairly easy: */
 static void setup_req(struct blockdev *bd,
 		      int type, struct request *req, struct lguest_dma *dma)
 {
+	/* The type is 1 (write) or 0 (read). */
 	bd->lb_page->type = type;
+	/* The sector on disk where the read or write starts. */
 	bd->lb_page->sector = req->sector;
+	/* The result is initialized to 0 (unfinished). */
 	bd->lb_page->result = 0;
+	/* The current request (so we can end it in the interrupt handler). */
 	bd->req = req;
+	/* The number of bytes: returned as a side-effect of req_to_dma(),
+	 * which packs the block layer's "struct request" into our "struct
+	 * lguest_dma" */
 	bd->lb_page->bytes = req_to_dma(req, dma);
 }
 
+/*D:450 Write is pretty straightforward: we pack the request into a "struct
+ * lguest_dma", then use SEND_DMA to send the request. */
 static void do_write(struct blockdev *bd, struct request *req)
 {
 	struct lguest_dma send;
@@ -126,6 +205,9 @@ static void do_write(struct blockdev *bd, struct request *req)
 	lguest_send_dma(bd->phys_addr, &send);
 }
 
+/* Read is similar to write, except we pack the request into our receive
+ * "struct lguest_dma" and send through an empty DMA just to tell the Host that
+ * there's a request pending. */
 static void do_read(struct blockdev *bd, struct request *req)
 {
 	struct lguest_dma ping;
@@ -137,21 +219,30 @@ static void do_read(struct blockdev *bd, struct request *req)
 	lguest_send_dma(bd->phys_addr, &ping);
 }
 
+/*D:440 This where requests come in: we get handed the request queue and are
+ * expected to pull a "struct request" off it until we've finished them or
+ * we're waiting for a reply: */
 static void do_lgb_request(struct request_queue *q)
 {
 	struct blockdev *bd;
 	struct request *req;
 
 again:
+	/* This sometimes returns NULL even on the very first time around.  I
+	 * wonder if it's something to do with letting elves handle the request
+	 * queue... */
 	req = elv_next_request(q);
 	if (!req)
 		return;
 
+	/* We attached the struct blockdev to the disk: get it back */
 	bd = req->rq_disk->private_data;
-	/* Sometimes we get repeated requests after blk_stop_queue. */
+	/* Sometimes we get repeated requests after blk_stop_queue(), but we
+	 * can only handle one at a time. */
 	if (bd->req)
 		return;
 
+	/* We only do reads and writes: no tricky business! */
 	if (!blk_fs_request(req)) {
 		pr_debug("Got non-command 0x%08x\n", req->cmd_type);
 		req->errors++;
@@ -164,20 +255,31 @@ static void do_lgb_request(struct request_queue *q)
 	else
 		do_read(bd, req);
 
-	/* Wait for interrupt to tell us it's done. */
+	/* We've put out the request, so stop any more coming in until we get
+	 * an interrupt, which takes us to lgb_irq() to re-enable the queue. */
 	blk_stop_queue(q);
 }
 
+/*D:430 This is the "struct block_device_operations" we attach to the disk at
+ * the end of lguestblk_probe().  It doesn't seem to want much. */
 static struct block_device_operations lguestblk_fops = {
 	.owner = THIS_MODULE,
 };
 
+/*D:425 Setting up a disk device seems to involve a lot of code.  I'm not sure
+ * quite why.  I do know that the IDE code sent two or three of the maintainers
+ * insane, perhaps this is the fringe of the same disease?
+ *
+ * As in the console code, the probe function gets handed the generic
+ * lguest_device from lguest_bus.c: */
 static int lguestblk_probe(struct lguest_device *lgdev)
 {
 	struct blockdev *bd;
 	int err;
 	int irqflags = IRQF_SHARED;
 
+	/* First we allocate our own "struct blockdev" and initialize the easy
+	 * fields. */
 	bd = kmalloc(sizeof(*bd), GFP_KERNEL);
 	if (!bd)
 		return -ENOMEM;
@@ -187,59 +289,100 @@ static int lguestblk_probe(struct lguest_device *lgdev)
 	bd->req = NULL;
 	bd->dma.used_len = 0;
 	bd->dma.len[0] = 0;
+	/* The descriptor in the lguest_devices array provided by the Host
+	 * gives the Guest the physical page number of the device's page. */
 	bd->phys_addr = (lguest_devices[lgdev->index].pfn << PAGE_SHIFT);
 
+	/* We use lguest_map() to get a pointer to the device page */
 	bd->lb_page = lguest_map(bd->phys_addr, 1);
 	if (!bd->lb_page) {
 		err = -ENOMEM;
 		goto out_free_bd;
 	}
 
+	/* We need a major device number: 0 means "assign one dynamically". */
 	bd->major = register_blkdev(0, "lguestblk");
 	if (bd->major < 0) {
 		err = bd->major;
 		goto out_unmap;
 	}
 
+	/* This allocates a "struct gendisk" where we pack all the information
+	 * about the disk which the rest of Linux sees.  We ask for one minor
+	 * number; I do wonder if we should be asking for more. */
 	bd->disk = alloc_disk(1);
 	if (!bd->disk) {
 		err = -ENOMEM;
 		goto out_unregister_blkdev;
 	}
 
+	/* Every disk needs a queue for requests to come in: we set up the
+	 * queue with a callback function (the core of our driver) and the lock
+	 * to use. */
 	bd->disk->queue = blk_init_queue(do_lgb_request, &bd->lock);
 	if (!bd->disk->queue) {
 		err = -ENOMEM;
 		goto out_put_disk;
 	}
 
-	/* We can only handle a certain number of sg entries */
+	/* We can only handle a certain number of pointers in our SEND_DMA
+	 * call, so we set that with blk_queue_max_hw_segments().  This is not
+	 * to be confused with blk_queue_max_phys_segments() of course!  I
+	 * know, who could possibly confuse the two?
+	 *
+	 * Well, it's simple to tell them apart: this one seems to work and the
+	 * other one didn't. */
 	blk_queue_max_hw_segments(bd->disk->queue, LGUEST_MAX_DMA_SECTIONS);
-	/* Buffers must not cross page boundaries */
+
+	/* Due to technical limitations of our Host (and simple coding) we
+	 * can't have a single buffer which crosses a page boundary.  Tell it
+	 * here.  This means that our maximum request size is 16
+	 * (LGUEST_MAX_DMA_SECTIONS) pages. */
 	blk_queue_segment_boundary(bd->disk->queue, PAGE_SIZE-1);
 
+	/* We name our disk: this becomes the device name when udev does its
+	 * magic thing and creates the device node, such as /dev/lgba.
+	 * next_block_index is a global which starts at 'a'.  Unfortunately
+	 * this simple increment logic means that the 27th disk will be called
+	 * "/dev/lgb{".  In that case, I recommend having at least 29 disks, so
+	 * your /dev directory will be balanced. */
 	sprintf(bd->disk->disk_name, "lgb%c", next_block_index++);
+
+	/* We look to the device descriptor again to see if this device's
+	 * interrupts are expected to be random.  If they are, we tell the irq
+	 * subsystem.  At the moment this bit is always set. */
 	if (lguest_devices[lgdev->index].features & LGUEST_DEVICE_F_RANDOMNESS)
 		irqflags |= IRQF_SAMPLE_RANDOM;
+
+	/* Now we have the name and irqflags, we can request the interrupt; we
+	 * give it the "struct blockdev" we have set up to pass to lgb_irq()
+	 * when there is an interrupt. */
 	err = request_irq(bd->irq, lgb_irq, irqflags, bd->disk->disk_name, bd);
 	if (err)
 		goto out_cleanup_queue;
 
+	/* We bind our one-entry DMA pool to the key for this block device so
+	 * the Host can reply to our requests.  The key is equal to the
+	 * physical address of the device's page, which is conveniently
+	 * unique. */
 	err = lguest_bind_dma(bd->phys_addr, &bd->dma, 1, bd->irq);
 	if (err)
 		goto out_free_irq;
 
+	/* We finish our disk initialization and add the disk to the system. */
 	bd->disk->major = bd->major;
 	bd->disk->first_minor = 0;
 	bd->disk->private_data = bd;
 	bd->disk->fops = &lguestblk_fops;
-	/* This is initialized to the disk size by the other end. */
+	/* This is initialized to the disk size by the Launcher. */
 	set_capacity(bd->disk, bd->lb_page->num_sectors);
 	add_disk(bd->disk);
 
 	printk(KERN_INFO "%s: device %i at major %d\n",
 	       bd->disk->disk_name, lgdev->index, bd->major);
 
+	/* We don't need to keep the "struct blockdev" around, but if we ever
+	 * implemented device removal, we'd need this. */
 	lgdev->private = bd;
 	return 0;
 
@@ -258,6 +401,8 @@ static int lguestblk_probe(struct lguest_device *lgdev)
 	return err;
 }
 
+/*D:410 The boilerplate code for registering the lguest block driver is just
+ * like the console: */
 static struct lguest_driver lguestblk_drv = {
 	.name = "lguestblk",
 	.owner = THIS_MODULE,