Handle promoted exception in int|string type

Fixes oss-fuzz #35790.

Author: nikic

Zend/tests/float_to_int/union_int_string_type_arg_promote_exception.phpt

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+--TEST--
+Promote deprecation warning for int|string type into exception
+--FILE--
+<?php
+
+function test(int|string $arg) {}
+
+set_error_handler(function($_, $msg) {
+    throw new Exception($msg);
+});
+
+try {
+    test(0.5);
+} catch (Exception $e) {
+    echo $e->getMessage(), "\n";
+}
+
+?>
+--EXPECT--
+Implicit conversion from float 0.5 to int loses precision

Zend/zend_execute.c

@@ -726,6 +726,8 @@ static bool zend_verify_weak_scalar_type_hint(uint32_t type_mask, zval *arg)
 			zval_ptr_dtor(arg);
 			ZVAL_LONG(arg, lval);
 			return 1;
+		} else if (UNEXPECTED(EG(exception))) {
+			return 0;
 		}
 	}
 	if ((type_mask & MAY_BE_DOUBLE) && zend_parse_arg_double_weak(arg, &dval, 0)) {