[docs] Improve the markup of powers (GH-28598)

Author: serhiy-storchaka

Doc/library/functions.rst

@@ -1345,8 +1345,8 @@ are always available.  They are listed here in alphabetical order.
    coercion rules for binary arithmetic operators apply.  For :class:`int`
    operands, the result has the same type as the operands (after coercion)
    unless the second argument is negative; in that case, all arguments are
-   converted to float and a float result is delivered.  For example, ``10**2``
-   returns ``100``, but ``10**-2`` returns ``0.01``.
+   converted to float and a float result is delivered.  For example, ``pow(10, 2)``
+   returns ``100``, but ``pow(10, -2)`` returns ``0.01``.
 
    For :class:`int` operands *base* and *exp*, if *mod* is present, *mod* must
    also be of integer type and *mod* must be nonzero. If *mod* is present and

Doc/library/hashlib.rst

@@ -376,10 +376,10 @@ Constructor functions also accept the following tree hashing parameters:
 * *depth*: maximal depth of tree (1 to 255, 255 if unlimited, 1 in
   sequential mode).
 
-* *leaf_size*: maximal byte length of leaf (0 to 2**32-1, 0 if unlimited or in
+* *leaf_size*: maximal byte length of leaf (0 to ``2**32-1``, 0 if unlimited or in
   sequential mode).
 
-* *node_offset*: node offset (0 to 2**64-1 for BLAKE2b, 0 to 2**48-1 for
+* *node_offset*: node offset (0 to ``2**64-1`` for BLAKE2b, 0 to ``2**48-1`` for
   BLAKE2s, 0 for the first, leftmost, leaf, or in sequential mode).
 
 * *node_depth*: node depth (0 to 255, 0 for leaves, or in sequential mode).

Doc/library/ipaddress.rst

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ IP addresses, networks and interfaces:
 
    Return an :class:`IPv4Address` or :class:`IPv6Address` object depending on
    the IP address passed as argument.  Either IPv4 or IPv6 addresses may be
-   supplied; integers less than 2**32 will be considered to be IPv4 by default.
+   supplied; integers less than ``2**32`` will be considered to be IPv4 by default.
    A :exc:`ValueError` is raised if *address* does not represent a valid IPv4
    or IPv6 address.
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ IP addresses, networks and interfaces:
    Return an :class:`IPv4Network` or :class:`IPv6Network` object depending on
    the IP address passed as argument.  *address* is a string or integer
    representing the IP network.  Either IPv4 or IPv6 networks may be supplied;
-   integers less than 2**32 will be considered to be IPv4 by default.  *strict*
+   integers less than ``2**32`` will be considered to be IPv4 by default.  *strict*
    is passed to :class:`IPv4Network` or :class:`IPv6Network` constructor.  A
    :exc:`ValueError` is raised if *address* does not represent a valid IPv4 or
    IPv6 address, or if the network has host bits set.
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ IP addresses, networks and interfaces:
    Return an :class:`IPv4Interface` or :class:`IPv6Interface` object depending
    on the IP address passed as argument.  *address* is a string or integer
    representing the IP address.  Either IPv4 or IPv6 addresses may be supplied;
-   integers less than 2**32 will be considered to be IPv4 by default.  A
+   integers less than ``2**32`` will be considered to be IPv4 by default.  A
    :exc:`ValueError` is raised if *address* does not represent a valid IPv4 or
    IPv6 address.
 

Doc/library/plistlib.rst

@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ The following classes are available:
    encoded data, which contains UID (see PList manual).
 
    It has one attribute, :attr:`data`, which can be used to retrieve the int value
-   of the UID.  :attr:`data` must be in the range `0 <= data < 2**64`.
+   of the UID.  :attr:`data` must be in the range ``0 <= data < 2**64``.
 
    .. versionadded:: 3.8
 

Doc/reference/datamodel.rst

@@ -1558,7 +1558,7 @@ Basic customization
 
       This is intended to provide protection against a denial-of-service caused
       by carefully-chosen inputs that exploit the worst case performance of a
-      dict insertion, O(n^2) complexity.  See
+      dict insertion, O(n\ :sup:`2`) complexity.  See
       http://www.ocert.org/advisories/ocert-2011-003.html for details.
 
       Changing hash values affects the iteration order of sets.

Doc/using/cmdline.rst

@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ Miscellaneous options
 
    Hash randomization is intended to provide protection against a
    denial-of-service caused by carefully-chosen inputs that exploit the worst
-   case performance of a dict construction, O(n^2) complexity.  See
+   case performance of a dict construction, O(n\ :sup:`2`) complexity.  See
    http://www.ocert.org/advisories/ocert-2011-003.html for details.
 
    :envvar:`PYTHONHASHSEED` allows you to set a fixed value for the hash

Doc/whatsnew/2.0.rst

@@ -791,7 +791,7 @@ Previously the Python virtual machine used 16-bit numbers in its bytecode,
 limiting the size of source files.  In particular, this affected the maximum
 size of literal lists and dictionaries in Python source; occasionally people who
 are generating Python code would run into this limit.  A patch by Charles G.
-Waldman raises the limit from ``2^16`` to ``2^{32}``.
+Waldman raises the limit from ``2**16`` to ``2**32``.
 
 Three new convenience functions intended for adding constants to a module's
 dictionary at module initialization time were added: :func:`PyModule_AddObject`,

Doc/whatsnew/2.7.rst

@@ -953,12 +953,12 @@ Several performance enhancements have been added:
   considered and traversed by the collector.
   (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`4688`.)
 
-* Long integers are now stored internally either in base 2**15 or in base
-  2**30, the base being determined at build time.  Previously, they
-  were always stored in base 2**15.  Using base 2**30 gives
+* Long integers are now stored internally either in base ``2**15`` or in base
+  ``2**30``, the base being determined at build time.  Previously, they
+  were always stored in base ``2**15``.  Using base ``2**30`` gives
   significant performance improvements on 64-bit machines, but
   benchmark results on 32-bit machines have been mixed.  Therefore,
-  the default is to use base 2**30 on 64-bit machines and base 2**15
+  the default is to use base ``2**30`` on 64-bit machines and base ``2**15``
   on 32-bit machines; on Unix, there's a new configure option
   :option:`!--enable-big-digits` that can be used to override this default.
 

Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst

@@ -474,12 +474,12 @@ Build and C API Changes
 
 Changes to Python's build process and to the C API include:
 
-* Integers are now stored internally either in base 2**15 or in base
-  2**30, the base being determined at build time.  Previously, they
-  were always stored in base 2**15.  Using base 2**30 gives
+* Integers are now stored internally either in base ``2**15`` or in base
+  ``2**30``, the base being determined at build time.  Previously, they
+  were always stored in base ``2**15``.  Using base ``2**30`` gives
   significant performance improvements on 64-bit machines, but
   benchmark results on 32-bit machines have been mixed.  Therefore,
-  the default is to use base 2**30 on 64-bit machines and base 2**15
+  the default is to use base ``2**30`` on 64-bit machines and base ``2**15``
   on 32-bit machines; on Unix, there's a new configure option
   ``--enable-big-digits`` that can be used to override this default.
 

Doc/whatsnew/3.11.rst

@@ -243,14 +243,14 @@ time
 ----
 
 * On Unix, :func:`time.sleep` now uses the ``clock_nanosleep()`` or
-  ``nanosleep()`` function, if available, which has a resolution of 1 ns (10^-9
-  sec), rather than using ``select()`` which has a resolution of 1 us (10^-6
-  sec).
+  ``nanosleep()`` function, if available, which has a resolution of 1 ns
+  (10\ :sup:`-9` sec), rather than using ``select()`` which has a resolution
+  of 1 us (10\ :sup:`-6` sec).
   (Contributed by Livius and Victor Stinner in :issue:`21302`.)
 
 * On Windows, :func:`time.sleep` now uses a waitable timer which has a
-  resolution of 100 ns (10^-7 sec). Previously, it had a solution of 1 ms
-  (10^-3 sec).
+  resolution of 100 ns (10\ :sup:`-7` sec). Previously, it had a solution of 1 ms
+  (10\ :sup:`-3` sec).
   (Contributed by Livius and Victor Stinner in :issue:`21302`.)
 
 unicodedata

Misc/NEWS.d/3.5.0a1.rst

@@ -2648,7 +2648,7 @@ module.
 .. nonce: THJSYB
 .. section: Library
 
-Changed FeedParser feed() to avoid O(N**2) behavior when parsing long line.
+Changed FeedParser feed() to avoid O(N\ :sup:`2`) behavior when parsing long line.
 Original patch by Raymond Hettinger.
 
 ..

Misc/NEWS.d/3.6.4rc1.rst

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Setting sys.tracebacklimit to 0 or less now suppresses printing tracebacks.
 Setting sys.tracebacklimit to None now causes using the default limit.
 Setting sys.tracebacklimit to an integer larger than LONG_MAX now means using
 the limit LONG_MAX rather than the default limit.
-Fixed integer overflows in the case of more than 2**31 traceback items on
+Fixed integer overflows in the case of more than ``2**31`` traceback items on
 Windows.
 Fixed output errors handling.
 

Misc/NEWS.d/3.7.0a3.rst

@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ Setting sys.tracebacklimit to 0 or less now suppresses printing tracebacks.
 Setting sys.tracebacklimit to None now causes using the default limit.
 Setting sys.tracebacklimit to an integer larger than LONG_MAX now means using
 the limit LONG_MAX rather than the default limit.
-Fixed integer overflows in the case of more than 2**31 traceback items on
+Fixed integer overflows in the case of more than ``2**31`` traceback items on
 Windows.
 Fixed output errors handling.
 

Misc/NEWS.d/3.8.0a1.rst

@@ -3355,7 +3355,7 @@ if the ``PATH`` environment variable is not set.
 
 On Windows, fix multiprocessing.Connection for very large read: fix
 _winapi.PeekNamedPipe() and _winapi.ReadFile() for read larger than INT_MAX
-(usually 2^31-1).
+(usually ``2**31-1``).
 
 ..
 

Misc/NEWS.d/3.9.0a1.rst

@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ objects. Patch by Dong-hee Na and Inada Naoki.
 .. section: Core and Builtins
 
 :class:`bytearray`, :class:`~array.array` and :class:`~mmap.mmap` objects
-allow now to export more than 2**31 buffers at a time.
+allow now to export more than ``2**31`` buffers at a time.
 
 ..
 

Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core and Builtins/2021-08-26-18-44-03.bpo-45018.pu8H9L.rst

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Fixed pickling of range iterators that iterated for over 2**32 times.
+Fixed pickling of range iterators that iterated for over ``2**32`` times.

Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2021-08-25-20-18-31.bpo-39218.BlO6jW.rst

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Improve accuracy of variance calculations by using x*x instead of x**2.
+Improve accuracy of variance calculations by using ``x*x`` instead of ``x**2``.

Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2021-09-20-22-46-40.bpo-21302.h56430.rst

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 On Windows, :func:`time.sleep` now uses a waitable timer which has a resolution
-of 100 ns (10^-7 sec). Previously, it had a solution of 1 ms (10^-3 sec).
+of 100 ns (10\ :sup:`-7` sec). Previously, it had a solution of 1 ms (10\ :sup:`-3` sec).
 Patch by Livius and Victor Stinner.