[3.13] Doc: Reorganize math module documentation (GH-126337)

(cherry picked from commit ce453e6)

Co-authored-by: Joseph Martinot-Lagarde <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Bénédikt Tran <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Sergey B Kirpichev <[email protected]>

Author: 3 people