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Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at Stichting Mathematisch Centrum (CWI, see http://www.cwi.nl) in the Netherlands as a successor of a language called ABC. Guido remains Python's principal author, although it includes many contributions from others.\
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In 1995, Guido continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI, see http://www.cnri.reston.va.us) in Reston, Virginia where he released several versions of the software.\
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All Python releases are Open Source (see http://www.opensource.org for the Open Source Definition). Historically, most, but not all, Python releases have also been GPL-compatible; the table below summarizes the various releases.\
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\f1\b Release Derived Year Owner GPL-\
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\f2\b Release Derived Year Owner GPL-\
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from compatible?\
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\f2\b0\
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\f3\b0\
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0.9.0 thru 1.2 n/a 1991-1995 CWI yes\
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1.3 thru 1.5.2 1.2 1995-1999 CNRI yes\
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1.6 1.5.2 2000 CNRI no\
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2.1.3 2.1.2 2002 PSF yes\
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2.2 and above 2.1.1 2001-now PSF yes\
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\f0\
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\f1\
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\b Note:
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\b0 GPL-compatible doesn't mean that we're distributing Python under the GPL. All Python licenses, unlike the GPL, let you distribute a modified version without making your changes open source. The GPL-compatible licenses make it possible to combine Python with other software that is released under the GPL; the others don't.\
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\f0\b Note:
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\f1\b0 GPL-compatible doesn't mean that we're distributing Python under the GPL. All Python licenses, unlike the GPL, let you distribute a modified version without making your changes open source. The GPL-compatible licenses make it possible to combine Python with other software that is released under the GPL; the others don't.\
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Thanks to the many outside volunteers who have worked under Guido's direction to make these releases possible.\
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\b\ul TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR ACCESSING OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON\
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\f0\b\ul TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR ACCESSING OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON\
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\b0\ulnone\
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\f1\b0\ulnone\
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\b PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2\
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\f0\b PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2\
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\b0\
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\f1\b0\
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1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation ("PSF"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software ("Python") in source or binary form and its associated documentation.\
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2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that PSF's License Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 Python Software Foundation; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee.\
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2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that PSF's License Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 Python Software Foundation; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee.\
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3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python.\
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\b BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0\
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\f0\b BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0\
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\b0\
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\f1\b0\
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BEOPEN PYTHON OPEN SOURCE LICENSE AGREEMENT VERSION 1\
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1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between BeOpen.com ("BeOpen"), having an office at 160 Saratoga Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051, and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software in source or binary form and its associated documentation ("the Software").\
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\b CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1\
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\f0\b CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1\
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\b0\
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\f1\b0\
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1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Corporation for National Research Initiatives, having an office at 1895 Preston White Drive, Reston, VA 20191 ("CNRI"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using Python 1.6.1 software in source or binary form and its associated documentation.\
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2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, CNRI hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that CNRI's License Agreement and CNRI's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright (c) 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. Alternately, in lieu of CNRI's License Agreement, Licensee may substitute the following text (omitting the quotes): "Python 1.6.1 is made available subject to the terms and conditions in CNRI's License Agreement. This Agreement together with Python 1.6.1 may be located on the Internet using the following unique, persistent identifier (known as a handle): 1895.22/1013. This Agreement may also be obtained from a proxy server on the Internet using the following URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1895.22/1013".\
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\b CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2\
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\f0\b CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2\
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\b0\
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\f1\b0\
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Copyright (c) 1991 - 1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum Amsterdam, The Netherlands. All rights reserved.\
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Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Stichting Mathematisch Centrum or CWI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission.\
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\b\ul LICENSES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR INCORPORATED SOFTWARE\
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\f0\b\ul LICENSES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR INCORPORATED SOFTWARE\
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\b0\ulnone\
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\f1\b0\ulnone\
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This installer incorporates portions of the following third-party software:\
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\f2 $THIRD_PARTY_LIBS\
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\f3 $THIRD_PARTY_LIBS\
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\f0 For licenses and acknowledgements for these and other third-party software incorporated in this Python distribution, please refer to the on-line documentation {\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://docs.python.org/$VERSION/license.html#licenses-and-acknowledgements-for-incorporated-software"}}{\fldrslt here}}.\
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\f1 For licenses and acknowledgements for these and other third-party software incorporated in this Python distribution, please refer to the on-line documentation {\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://docs.python.org/$VERSION/license.html#licenses-and-acknowledgements-for-incorporated-software"}}{\fldrslt here}}.\
\f1\b 10.6+ 64-/32-bit installer variant is being deprecated
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\f0\b0 .
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\f1\b Python 3.8.0
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\f0\b0 will
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\f1\b not
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\f0\b0 include a binary installer for 10.6+ and
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\f1\b future bugfix releases of 3.7.x
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\f0\b0 may not, either. Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was released in 2009 and has not been supported by Apple for many years including lack of security updates. It is becoming increasingly difficult to ensure new Python features and bug fixes are compatible with such old systems especially with Apple's deprecation and removal of 32-bit support in recent and upcoming macOS releases. We believe that there is now very little usage of this installer variant and so we would like to focus our resources on supporting newer systems. We do not plan to intentionally break Python support on 10.6 and we will consider bug fixes for problems found when building from source on 10.6. \
\cf0 For Python.3.7, python.org currently provides two installer variants for download: one that installs a
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\f2\i 64-bit-only
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\f0\i0 Python capable of running on
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\f2\i macOS 10.9 (Mavericks)
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\f0\i0 or later; and one that installs a
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\f2\i 64-bit/32-bit Intel
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\f0\i0 Python capable of running on
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\f2\i macOS 10.6 (Snow Leopard)
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\f0\i0 or later. (This ReadMe was installed with the
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\f2\i $MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET
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\f0\i0 variant.) If you are running on macOS 10.9 or later and if you have no need for compatibility with older systems, use the 10.9 variant. Use the 10.6 variant if you are running on macOS 10.6 through 10.8 or if you want to produce standalone applications that can run on systems from 10.6. The Pythons installed by these installers are built with private copies of some third-party libraries not included with or newer than those in macOS itself. The list of these libraries varies by installer variant and is included at the end of the License.rtf file.
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\f1\b\ul\
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\
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Certificate verification and OpenSSL\
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\f1\b\cf0\ul Certificate verification and OpenSSL\
\cf0 This variant of Python 3.7 includes its own private copy of OpenSSL 1.1.1. The deprecated Apple-supplied OpenSSL libraries are no longer used. This means that the trust certificates in system and user keychains managed by the
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This package includes its own private copy of OpenSSL 1.1.1. The trust certificates in system and user keychains managed by the
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\f2\i Keychain Access
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\f0\i0 application and the
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\f2\i security
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\f0\i0 command line utility are no longer used as defaults by the Python
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\f0\i0 command line utility are not used as defaults by the Python
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\f3 ssl
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\f0 module. A sample command script is included in
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\f3 /Applications/Python 3.7
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\f0 to install a curated bundle of default root certificates from the third-party
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\f3 certifi
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\f0 package ({\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://pypi.org/project/certifi/"}}{\fldrslt https://pypi.org/project/certifi/}}). If you choose to use
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\f3 certifi
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\f0 , you should consider subscribing to the{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://certifi.io/en/latest/"}}{\fldrslt project's email update service}} to be notified when the certificate bundle is updated.\
\f1\b macOS 64-bit installer for OS X 10.9 and later
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\f0\b0 .\
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\
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The legacy
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\f1\b macOS 64-bit/32-bit installer for Mac OS X 10.6 and later
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\f0\b0 variant is now deprecated.
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\f1\b Python 3.8.0
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\f1\b not
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\f0\b0 include a binary installer for the 10.6+ variant and
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\f1\b future bugfix releases of 3.7.x
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\f0\b0 may not, either. macOS 10.6 Snow Leopard was released in 2009 and has not been supported by Apple for many years including lack of security updates. It is becoming increasingly difficult to ensure new Python features and bug fixes are compatible with such old systems. Note that, due to recent Apple installer packaging changes, the 10.6+ installer pkg we provide can no longer be opened by the Apple system installer application on 10.6; 10.7 and 10.8 are not affected. We believe that there is now very little usage of this installer variant and so we would like to focus our resources on supporting newer systems. We do not plan to intentionally break Python support on 10.6 through 10.8 and we will consider bug fixes for problems found when building from source on those systems.
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\f1\b macOS 10.15 Catalina
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\f0\b0 removes support for running 32-bit architecture programs; we do not recommend trying to use the 10.6+ variant on it and it may not install on 10.15 systems without intervention. \
Both installer variants now come with their own private version of Tcl/Tk 8.6. They no longer use system-supplied or third-party supplied versions of Tcl/Tk as in previous releases.\
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This package includes its own private version of Tcl/Tk 8.6. It does not use any system-supplied or third-party supplied versions of Tcl/Tk.\
\f0\b0\ulnone For other changes in this release, see the
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\f2\i What's new
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\f0\i0 section in the {\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://www.python.org/doc/"}}{\fldrslt Documentation Set}} for this release and its
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\f2\i Release Notes
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\f0\i0 link at {\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://www.python.org/downloads/"}}{\fldrslt https://www.python.org/downloads/}}.\
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\f1\b\ul\
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Python 3 and Python 2 Co-existence\
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\f0\b0\ulnone\
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Python.org Python $VERSION and 2.7.x versions can both be installed on your system and will not conflict. Command names for Python 3 contain a 3 in them,
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\f3 python3
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\f0 (or
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\f3 python$VERSION
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\f0 ),
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\f3 idle3
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\f0 (or i
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\f3 dle$VERSION
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\f0 ),
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\f3 pip3
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\f0 (or
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\f3 pip$VERSION
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\f0 ), etc. Python 2.7 command names contain a 2 or no digit:
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