Dynamically determine the version of the pip package. (#3259)

Use the logic from
https://github.com/pytorch/torcharrow/blob/15a7f7124d4c73c8c541547aef072264baab63b7/setup.py#L21
to play nicely with the pytorch ecosystem CI build environment.

Test Plan:
```
$ ./install_requirements.sh
...
Successfully installed executorch-0.2.0a0+1ba292a

$ python
>>> from executorch import version
>>> version.__version__
'0.2.0a0+1ba292a'
>>> version.git_version
'1ba292ae4071c4eede8ea14e8f10ffd973a085b4'
>>> ^D

$ grep Version /home/dbort/.conda/envs/executorch-tmp/lib/python3.10/site-packages/executorch-0.2.0a0+1ba292a.dist-info/METADATA
Metadata-Version: 2.1
Version: 0.2.0a0+1ba292a
```

Temporarily commented out the call to `setup()` in `setup.py` then
imported it.

```
$ python
>>> from setup import Version
>>> Version.string
'0.2.0a0+1ba292a'
>>> Version.git_hash
'1ba292ae4071c4eede8ea14e8f10ffd973a085b4'
>>> Version.write_to_python_file("/tmp/version.py")
>>> ^D
$ cat /tmp/version.py
from typing import Optional
__all__ = ["__version__", "git_version"]
__version__ = "0.2.0a0+1ba292a"
git_version: Optional[str] = '1ba292ae4071c4eede8ea14e8f10ffd973a085b4'
```

```
$ BUILD_VERSION="5.5.5" python
>>> from setup import Version
>>> Version.string
'5.5.5'
```

Author: dbort

pyproject.toml

@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
 
 [project]
 name = "executorch"
-# TODO(dbort): Use setuptools-git-versioning or setuptools-scm to get the
-# version from the git branch state. For now, use a version that doesn't look
-# like a real release.
-version = "0.2.0.dev0+unknown"
+dynamic = [
+  # setup.py will set the version.
+  'version',
+]
 # Python dependencies required for development
 dependencies=[
   "expecttest",

setup.py

@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@
 from distutils import log
 from distutils.sysconfig import get_python_lib
 from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Optional
 
 from setuptools import Extension, setup
 from setuptools.command.build import build
@@ -84,6 +85,77 @@ def pybindings(cls) -> bool:
         return cls._is_env_enabled("EXECUTORCH_BUILD_PYBIND", default=False)
 
 
+class Version:
+    """Static properties that describe the version of the pip package."""
+
+    # Cached values returned by the properties.
+    __root_dir_attr: Optional[str] = None
+    __string_attr: Optional[str] = None
+    __git_hash_attr: Optional[str] = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    @property
+    def _root_dir(cls) -> str:
+        """The path to the root of the git repo."""
+        if cls.__root_dir_attr is None:
+            # This setup.py file lives in the root of the repo.
+            cls.__root_dir_attr = str(Path(__file__).parent.resolve())
+        return str(cls.__root_dir_attr)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @property
+    def git_hash(cls) -> Optional[str]:
+        """The current git hash, if known."""
+        if cls.__git_hash_attr is None:
+            import subprocess
+
+            try:
+                cls.__git_hash_attr = (
+                    subprocess.check_output(
+                        ["git", "rev-parse", "HEAD"], cwd=cls._root_dir
+                    )
+                    .decode("ascii")
+                    .strip()
+                )
+            except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+                cls.__git_hash_attr = ""  # Non-None but empty.
+        # A non-None but empty value indicates that we don't know it.
+        return cls.__git_hash_attr if cls.__git_hash_attr else None
+
+    @classmethod
+    @property
+    def string(cls) -> str:
+        """The version string."""
+        if cls.__string_attr is None:
+            # If set, BUILD_VERSION should override any local version
+            # information. CI will use this to manage, e.g., release vs. nightly
+            # versions.
+            version = os.getenv("BUILD_VERSION", "").strip()
+            if not version:
+                # Otherwise, read the version from a local file and add the git
+                # commit if available.
+                version = (
+                    open(os.path.join(cls._root_dir, "version.txt")).read().strip()
+                )
+                if cls.git_hash:
+                    version += "+" + cls.git_hash[:7]
+            cls.__string_attr = version
+        return cls.__string_attr
+
+    @classmethod
+    def write_to_python_file(cls, path: str) -> None:
+        """Creates a file similar to PyTorch core's `torch/version.py`."""
+        lines = [
+            "from typing import Optional",
+            '__all__ = ["__version__", "git_version"]',
+            f'__version__ = "{cls.string}"',
+            # A string or None.
+            f"git_version: Optional[str] = {repr(cls.git_hash)}",
+        ]
+        with open(path, "w") as fp:
+            fp.write("\n".join(lines) + "\n")
+
+
 class _BaseExtension(Extension):
     """A base class that maps an abstract source to an abstract destination."""
 
@@ -269,6 +341,9 @@ def run(self):
         # package subdirectory.
         dst_root = os.path.join(self.build_lib, self.get_package_dir("executorch"))
 
+        # Create the version file.
+        Version.write_to_python_file(os.path.join(dst_root, "version.py"))
+
         # Manually copy files into the output package directory. These are
         # typically python "resource" files that will live alongside the python
         # code that uses them.
@@ -447,6 +522,7 @@ def get_ext_modules() -> list[Extension]:
 
 
 setup(
+    version=Version.string,
     # TODO(dbort): Could use py_modules to restrict the set of modules we
     # package, and package_data to restrict the set up non-python files we
     # include. See also setuptools/discovery.py for custom finders.