Rollup merge of #142450 - xizheyin:rustc-query-doc, r=SparrowLii

Add documentation on top of `rustc_middle/src/query/mod.rs`

The `rustc-dev-guide` gives a high-level intro, but many details—especially about how the code works and modifiers in `query xxx(){...}`—are only in code comments or the macro implementation. This doc makes it easier for contributors and code readers to understand the workflow and available modifiers without jumping between files and docs.

This PR adds a comprehensive module-level doc comment to `rustc_middle::query::mod.rs` that:
1. Provides an overview of the query system and macro-based query definitions for reading code more easily
2. Centralizes documentation for all query modifiers (previously scattered or only in `rustc_macro` code), closely following the authoritative list in QueryModifiers.

Author: Kobzol