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refs/heads/master: 679b1dcb62b53f52f6e4ffe18cc89be8dbf5cc15
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refs/heads/snap-stage1: e33de59e47c5076a89eadeb38f4934f58a3618a6
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refs/heads/snap-stage3: 79a2b2eafc3c766cecec8a5f76317693bae9ed17
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refs/heads/try: 8eb2bab100b42f0ba751552d8eff00eb2134c55a

trunk/doc/tutorial-tasks.md

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# Introduction
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The designers of Rust designed the language from the ground up to support pervasive
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and safe concurrency through lightweight, memory-isolated tasks and
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message passing.
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Rust tasks are not the same as traditional threads: rather, they are more like
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_green threads_. The Rust runtime system schedules tasks cooperatively onto a
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small number of operating system threads. Because tasks are significantly
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Rust provides safe concurrency through a combination
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of lightweight, memory-isolated tasks and message passing.
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This tutorial will describe the concurrency model in Rust, how it
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relates to the Rust type system, and introduce
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the fundamental library abstractions for constructing concurrent programs.
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Rust tasks are not the same as traditional threads: rather,
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they are considered _green threads_, lightweight units of execution that the Rust
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runtime schedules cooperatively onto a small number of operating system threads.
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On a multi-core system Rust tasks will be scheduled in parallel by default.
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Because tasks are significantly
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cheaper to create than traditional threads, Rust can create hundreds of
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thousands of concurrent tasks on a typical 32-bit system.
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In general, all Rust code executes inside a task, including the `main` function.
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In order to make efficient use of memory Rust tasks have dynamically sized stacks.
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A task begins its life with a small
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amount of stack space (currently in the low thousands of bytes, depending on
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platform), and acquires more stack as needed.
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Unlike in languages such as C, a Rust task cannot accidentally write to
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memory beyond the end of the stack, causing crashes or worse.
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Tasks provide failure isolation and recovery. When an exception occurs in Rust
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code (as a result of an explicit call to `fail!()`, an assertion failure, or
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another invalid operation), the runtime system destroys the entire
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Tasks provide failure isolation and recovery. When a fatal error occurs in Rust
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code as a result of an explicit call to `fail!()`, an assertion failure, or
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another invalid operation, the runtime system destroys the entire
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task. Unlike in languages such as Java and C++, there is no way to `catch` an
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exception. Instead, tasks may monitor each other for failure.
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Rust tasks have dynamically sized stacks. A task begins its life with a small
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amount of stack space (currently in the low thousands of bytes, depending on
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platform), and acquires more stack as needed. Unlike in languages such as C, a
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Rust task cannot run off the end of the stack. However, tasks do have a stack
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budget. If a Rust task exceeds its stack budget, then it will fail safely:
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with a checked exception.
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Tasks use Rust's type system to provide strong memory safety guarantees. In
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particular, the type system guarantees that tasks cannot share mutable state
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with each other. Tasks communicate with each other by transferring _owned_
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data through the global _exchange heap_.
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This tutorial explains the basics of tasks and communication in Rust,
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explores some typical patterns in concurrent Rust code, and finally
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discusses some of the more unusual synchronization types in the standard
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library.
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> ***Warning:*** This tutorial is incomplete
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## A note about the libraries
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While Rust's type system provides the building blocks needed for safe
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and efficient tasks, all of the task functionality itself is implemented
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in the core and standard libraries, which are still under development
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and do not always present a consistent interface.
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In particular, there are currently two independent modules that provide a
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message passing interface to Rust code: `core::comm` and `core::pipes`.
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`core::comm` is an older, less efficient system that is being phased out in
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favor of `pipes`. At some point, we will remove the existing `core::comm` API
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and move the user-facing portions of `core::pipes` to `core::comm`. In this
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tutorial, we discuss `pipes` and ignore the `comm` API.
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and do not always present a consistent or complete interface.
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For your reference, these are the standard modules involved in Rust
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concurrency at this writing.
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* [`core::task`] - All code relating to tasks and task scheduling
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* [`core::comm`] - The deprecated message passing API
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* [`core::pipes`] - The new message passing infrastructure and API
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* [`std::comm`] - Higher level messaging types based on `core::pipes`
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* [`core::comm`] - The message passing interface
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* [`core::pipes`] - The underlying messaging infrastructure
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* [`std::comm`] - Additional messaging types based on `core::pipes`
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* [`std::sync`] - More exotic synchronization tools, including locks
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* [`std::arc`] - The ARC (atomic reference counted) type, for safely sharing
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immutable data
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* [`std::par`] - Some basic tools for implementing parallel algorithms
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* [`std::arc`] - The ARC (atomically reference counted) type,
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for safely sharing immutable data
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[`core::task`]: core/task.html
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[`core::comm`]: core/comm.html
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[`core::pipes`]: core/pipes.html
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[`std::comm`]: std/comm.html
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[`std::sync`]: std/sync.html
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[`std::arc`]: std/arc.html
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[`std::par`]: std/par.html
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# Basics
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trunk/doc/tutorial.md

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# Boxes
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Many modern languages represent values as pointers to heap memory by
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Many modern languages represent values as as pointers to heap memory by
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default. In contrast, Rust, like C and C++, represents such types directly.
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Another way to say this is that aggregate data in Rust are *unboxed*. This
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means that if you `let x = Point { x: 1f, y: 1f };`, you are creating a struct

trunk/src/librustc/middle/trans/base.rs

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@@ -2243,17 +2243,17 @@ pub fn create_main_wrapper(ccx: @CrateContext,
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}
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fn create_entry_fn(ccx: @CrateContext, rust_main: ValueRef) {
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#[cfg(windows)]
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fn main_name() -> ~str { return ~"WinMain@16"; }
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#[cfg(unix)]
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fn main_name() -> ~str { return ~"main"; }
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let llfty = T_fn(~[ccx.int_type, T_ptr(T_ptr(T_i8()))], ccx.int_type);
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// FIXME #4404 android JNI hacks
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let llfn = if *ccx.sess.building_library {
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decl_cdecl_fn(ccx.llmod, ~"amain", llfty)
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} else {
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let main_name = match ccx.sess.targ_cfg.os {
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session::os_win32 => ~"WinMain@16",
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_ => ~"main",
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};
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decl_cdecl_fn(ccx.llmod, main_name, llfty)
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decl_cdecl_fn(ccx.llmod, main_name(), llfty)
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};
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let llbb = str::as_c_str(~"top", |buf| {
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unsafe {
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let opaque_crate_map = llvm::LLVMBuildPointerCast(
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bld, crate_map, T_ptr(T_i8()), noname());
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~[
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retptr,
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C_null(T_opaque_box_ptr(ccx)),
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opaque_rust_main,
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llvm::LLVMGetParam(llfn, 0 as c_uint),
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llvm::LLVMGetParam(llfn, 1 as c_uint),
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opaque_crate_map
2294-
]
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if *ccx.sess.building_library {
2288+
~[
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retptr,
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C_null(T_opaque_box_ptr(ccx)),
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opaque_rust_main,
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llvm::LLVMConstInt(T_i32(), 0u as c_ulonglong, False),
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llvm::LLVMConstInt(T_i32(), 0u as c_ulonglong, False),
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opaque_crate_map
2295+
]
2296+
} else {
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~[
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retptr,
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C_null(T_opaque_box_ptr(ccx)),
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opaque_rust_main,
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llvm::LLVMGetParam(llfn, 0 as c_uint),
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llvm::LLVMGetParam(llfn, 1 as c_uint),
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opaque_crate_map
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]
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}
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};
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unsafe {

trunk/src/libstd/fileinput.rs

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fn test_empty_files() {
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let filenames = pathify(vec::from_fn(
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3,
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|i| fmt!("tmp/lib-fileinput-test-empty-files-%u.tmp", i)),true);
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|i| fmt!("tmp/lib-fileinput-test-next-file-%u.tmp", i)),true);
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make_file(filenames[0].get_ref(), ~[~"1", ~"2"]);
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make_file(filenames[1].get_ref(), ~[]);

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