Rollup merge of #134847 - dtolnay:asymmetrical, r=fmease

Implement asymmetrical precedence for closures and jumps

I have been through a series of asymmetrical precedence designs in Syn, and finally have one that I like and is worth backporting into rustc. It is based on just 2 bits of state: `next_operator_can_begin_expr` and `next_operator_can_continue_expr`.

Asymmetrical precedence is the thing that enables `(return 1) + 1` to require parentheses while `1 + return 1` does not, despite `+` always having stronger precedence than `return` [according to the Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.83.0/reference/expressions.html#expression-precedence). This is facilitated by `next_operator_can_continue_expr`.

Relatedly, it is the thing that enables `(return) - 1` to require parentheses while `return + 1` does not, despite `+` and `-` having exactly the same precedence. This is facilitated by `next_operator_can_begin_expr`.

**Example:**

```rust
macro_rules! repro {
    ($e:expr) => {
        $e - $e;
        $e + $e;
    };
}

fn main() {
    repro!{return}
    repro!{return 1}
}
```

`-Zunpretty=expanded` **Before:**

```console
fn main() {
    (return) - (return);
    (return) + (return);
    (return 1) - (return 1);
    (return 1) + (return 1);
}
```

**After:**

```console
fn main() {
    (return) - return;
    return + return;
    (return 1) - return 1;
    (return 1) + return 1;
}
```

Author: matthiaskrgr