Add generic upgrade docs (#462)

* add upgrade docs

* link to generic image build docs from upgrade docs

* address minor upgrade docs issues

* fix upgrade merge tag command

* fix upgrade docs typo

Author: sjpb

docs/upgrades.md

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+# Upgrades
+
+This document explains the generic steps required to upgrade a deployment of the Slurm Appliance with upstream changes from StackHPC.
+Generally, upstream releases will happen roughly monthly. Releases may contain new functionality and/or updated images.
+
+Any site-specific instructions in [docs/site/README.md](site/README.md) should be reviewed in tandem with this.
+
+This document assumes the deployment repository has:
+1. Remotes:
+    - `origin` referring to the site-specific remote repository.
+    - `stackhpc` referring to the StackHPC repository at https://github.com/stackhpc/ansible-slurm-appliance.git.
+2. Branches:
+    - `main` - following `main/origin`, the current site-specific code deployed to production.
+    - `upstream` - following `main/stackhpc`, i.e. the upstream `main` branch from `stackhpc`.
+3. The following environments:
+    - `$PRODUCTION`: a production environment, as defined by e.g. `environments/production/`.
+    - `$STAGING`: a production environment, as defined by e.g. `environments/staging/`.
+    - `$SITE_ENV`: a base site-specific environment, as defined by e.g. `environments/mysite/`.
+
+**NB:** Commands which should be run on the Slurm login node are shown below prefixed `[LOGIN]$`.
+All other commands should be run on the Ansible deploy host.
+
+1. Update the `upstream` branch from the `stackhpc` remote, including tags:
+
+        git fetch stackhpc main --tags
+
+1. Identify the latest release from the [Slurm appliance release page](https://github.com/stackhpc/ansible-slurm-appliance/releases). Below this release is shown as `vX.Y`.
+
+1. Ensure your local site branch is up to date and create a new branch from it for the
+   site-specfic release code:
+
+        git checkout main
+        git pull --prune
+        git checkout -b update/vX.Y
+
+1. Merge the upstream code into your release branch:
+
+        git merge vX.Y
+
+   It is possible this will introduce merge conflicts; fix these following the usual git 
+   prompts. Generally merge conflicts should only exist where functionality which was added
+   for your site (not in a hook) has subsequently been merged upstream.
+
+1. Push this branch and create a PR:
+
+        git push
+        # follow instructions
+
+1. Review the PR to see if any added/changed functionality requires alteration of
+   site-specific configuration. In general changes to existing functionality will aim to be
+   backward compatible. Alteration of site-specific configuration will usually only be
+   necessary to use new functionality or where functionality has been upstreamed as above.
+
+   Make changes as necessary.
+
+1. Identify image(s) from the relevant [Slurm appliance release](https://github.com/stackhpc/ansible-slurm-appliance/releases), and download
+   using the link on the release plus the image name, e.g. for an image `openhpc-ofed-RL8-240906-1042-32568dbb`:
+
+        wget https://object.arcus.openstack.hpc.cam.ac.uk/swift/v1/AUTH_3a06571936a0424bb40bc5c672c4ccb1/openhpc-images/openhpc-ofed-RL8-240906-1042-32568dbb
+
+    Note that some releases may not include new images. In this case use the image from the latest previous release with new images.
+
+1. If required, build an "extra" image with local modifications, see [docs/image-build.md](./image-build.md).
+
+1. Modify your site-specific environment to use this image, e.g. via `cluster_image_id` in `environments/$SITE_ENV/terraform/variables.tf`.
+
+1. Test this in your staging cluster.
+
+1. Commit changes and push to the PR created above.
+
+1. Declare a future outage window to cluster users. A [Slurm reservation](https://slurm.schedmd.com/scontrol.html#lbAQ) can be
+   used to prevent jobs running during that window, e.g.:
+
+        [LOGIN]$  sudo scontrol create reservation Flags=MAINT ReservationName="upgrade-vX.Y" StartTime=2024-10-16T08:00:00 EndTime=2024-10-16T10:00:00 Nodes=ALL Users=root
+
+   Note a reservation cannot be created if it may overlap with currently running jobs (defined by job or partition time limits).
+
+1. At the outage window, check there are no jobs running:
+
+        [LOGIN]$ squeue
+
+1. Deploy the branch created above to production, i.e. activate the production environment, run OpenTofu to reimage or
+delete/recreate instances with the new images (depending on how the root disk is defined), and run Ansible's `site.yml`
+playbook to reconfigure the cluster, e.g. as described in the main [README.md](../README.md).
+
+1. Check slurm is up:
+
+        [LOGIN]$ sinfo -R
+   
+   The `-R` shows the reason for any nodes being down.
+
+1. If the above shows nodes done for having been "unexpectedly rebooted", set them up again:
+
+        [LOGIN]$ sudo scontrol update state=RESUME nodename=$HOSTLIST_EXPR
+
+    where the hostlist expression might look like e.g. `general-[0-1]` to reset state for nodes 0 and 1 of the general partition.
+
+1. Delete the reservation:
+
+        [LOGIN]$ sudo scontrol delete ReservationName="upgrade-slurm-v1.160"
+
+1. Tell users the cluster is available again.
+