Properly throw in case of numeric overflow in Calendar mathematics (#900)

* Properly `throw` in case of numeric overflow in Calendar mathematics

We have applied multiple different strategies with regard to overflow during calendrical calculation, including capping input `Date` and clipping Julian day calculation with artificial bounds. Those are still insufficient as there are too many paths where numeric overflow may happen.

This patch patches those places by `throw`ing whenever applicable. Also adds fuzzing tests to cover many more Calendar API.

Resolves rdar://133558250

* Review feedback: Adopt typed throw and fix an oversight
* Update tests

Author: itingliu