[swiftc (25 vs. 5563)] Add crasher in swift::TypeChecker::substMemberTypeWithBase

Add test case for crash triggered in `swift::TypeChecker::substMemberTypeWithBase`.

Current number of unresolved compiler crashers: 25 (5563 resolved)

/cc @slavapestov - just wanted to let you know that this crasher caused an assertion failure for the assertion `(!Parent || Parent->is<NominalType>() || Parent->is<BoundGenericType>() || Parent->is<UnboundGenericType>()) && "parent must be a nominal type"` added on 2016-11-03 by you in commit 5780a9f :-)

Assertion failure in [`lib/AST/ASTContext.cpp (line 2841)`](https://github.com/apple/swift/blob/a020ccc25f5d08dda07f5bf2e5b5b77310905945/lib/AST/ASTContext.cpp#L2841):

```
Assertion `(!Parent || Parent->is<NominalType>() || Parent->is<BoundGenericType>() || Parent->is<UnboundGenericType>()) && "parent must be a nominal type"' failed.

When executing: static swift::NominalType *swift::NominalType::get(swift::NominalTypeDecl *, swift::Type, const swift::ASTContext &)
```

Assertion context:

```c++

  return newType;
}

NominalType *NominalType::get(NominalTypeDecl *D, Type Parent, const ASTContext &C) {
  assert((isa<ProtocolDecl>(D) || !D->getGenericParams()) &&
         "must be a non-generic type decl");
  assert((!Parent || Parent->is<NominalType>() ||
          Parent->is<BoundGenericType>() ||
          Parent->is<UnboundGenericType>()) &&
         "parent must be a nominal type");
```
Stack trace:

```
0 0x0000000003a5fdb8 llvm::sys::PrintStackTrace(llvm::raw_ostream&) (/path/to/swift/bin/swift+0x3a5fdb8)
1 0x0000000003a604f6 SignalHandler(int) (/path/to/swift/bin/swift+0x3a604f6)
2 0x00007f3237303390 __restore_rt (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread.so.0+0x11390)
3 0x00007f3235829428 gsignal /build/glibc-9tT8Do/glibc-2.23/signal/../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/raise.c:54:0
4 0x00007f323582b02a abort /build/glibc-9tT8Do/glibc-2.23/stdlib/abort.c:91:0
5 0x00007f3235821bd7 __assert_fail_base /build/glibc-9tT8Do/glibc-2.23/assert/assert.c:92:0
6 0x00007f3235821c82 (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x2dc82)
7 0x000000000149068e (/path/to/swift/bin/swift+0x149068e)
8 0x00000000013bd1b7 swift::TypeChecker::substMemberTypeWithBase(swift::ModuleDecl*, swift::TypeDecl*, swift::Type) (/path/to/swift/bin/swift+0x13bd1b7)
9 0x00000000013beaf5 resolveIdentTypeComponent(swift::TypeChecker&, swift::DeclContext*, llvm::ArrayRef<swift::ComponentIdentTypeRepr*>, swift::OptionSet<swift::TypeResolutionFlags, unsigned int>, bool, swift::GenericTypeResolver*, llvm::function_ref<bool (swift::TypeCheckRequest)>*) (/path/to/swift/bin/swift+0x13beaf5)
10 0x00000000013be8ff resolveIdentTypeComponent(swift::TypeChecker&, swift::DeclContext*, llvm::ArrayRef<swift::ComponentIdentTypeRepr*>, swift::OptionSet<swift::TypeResolutionFlags, unsigned int>, bool, swift::GenericTypeResolver*, llvm::function_ref<bool (swift::TypeCheckRequest)>*) (/path/to/swift/bin/swift+0x13be8ff)
11 0x00000000013be4f9 swift::TypeChecker::resolveIdentifierType(swift::DeclContext*, swift::IdentTypeRepr*, swift::OptionSet<swift::TypeResolutionFlags, unsigned int>, bool, swift::GenericTypeResolver*, llvm::function_ref<bool (swift::TypeCheckRequest)>*) (/path/to/swift/bin/swift+0x13be4f9)
12 0x00000000013bf268 (anonymous namespace)::TypeResolver::resolveType(swift::TypeRepr*, swift::OptionSet<swift::TypeResolutionFlags, unsigned int>) (/path/to/swift/bin/swift+0x13bf268)
13 0x00000000013bf16c swift::TypeChecker::resolveType(swift::TypeRepr*, swift::DeclContext*, swift::OptionSet<swift::TypeResolutionFlags, unsigned int>, swift::GenericTypeResolver*, llvm::function_ref<bool (swift::TypeCheckRequest)>*) (/path/to/swift/bin/swift+0x13bf16c)
14 0x00000000013bdb70 swift::TypeChecker::validateType(swift::TypeLoc&, swift::DeclContext*, swift::OptionSet<swift::TypeResolutionFlags, unsigned int>, swift::GenericTypeResolver*, llvm::function_ref<bool (swift::TypeCheckRequest)>*) (/path/to/swift/bin/swift+0x13bdb70)
15 0x0000000001355f35 (anonymous namespace)::DeclChecker::visitFuncDecl(swift::FuncDecl*) (/path/to/swift/bin/swift+0x1355f35)
16 0x0000000001341ea4 (anonymous namespace)::DeclChecker::visit(swift::Decl*) (/path/to/swift/bin/swift+0x1341ea4)
17 0x00000000013539cb (anonymous namespace)::DeclChecker::visitProtocolDecl(swift::ProtocolDecl*) (/path/to/swift/bin/swift+0x13539cb)
18 0x0000000001341e84 (anonymous namespace)::DeclChecker::visit(swift::Decl*) (/path/to/swift/bin/swift+0x1341e84)
19 0x0000000001341d83 swift::TypeChecker::typeCheckDecl(swift::Decl*, bool) (/path/to/swift/bin/swift+0x1341d83)
20 0x00000000013ccaf5 swift::performTypeChecking(swift::SourceFile&, swift::TopLevelContext&, swift::OptionSet<swift::TypeCheckingFlags, unsigned int>, unsigned int, unsigned int) (/path/to/swift/bin/swift+0x13ccaf5)
21 0x0000000000f93b16 swift::CompilerInstance::performSema() (/path/to/swift/bin/swift+0xf93b16)
22 0x00000000004ab3d9 performCompile(swift::CompilerInstance&, swift::CompilerInvocation&, llvm::ArrayRef<char const*>, int&, swift::FrontendObserver*, swift::UnifiedStatsReporter*) (/path/to/swift/bin/swift+0x4ab3d9)
23 0x00000000004a996c swift::performFrontend(llvm::ArrayRef<char const*>, char const*, void*, swift::FrontendObserver*) (/path/to/swift/bin/swift+0x4a996c)
24 0x00000000004655c7 main (/path/to/swift/bin/swift+0x4655c7)
25 0x00007f3235814830 __libc_start_main /build/glibc-9tT8Do/glibc-2.23/csu/../csu/libc-start.c:325:0
26 0x0000000000462c69 _start (/path/to/swift/bin/swift+0x462c69)
```

Author: practicalswift

validation-test/compiler_crashers/28779-parent-parent-is-nominaltype-parent-is-boundgenerictype-parent-is-unboundgeneric.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// This source file is part of the Swift.org open source project
+// Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017 Apple Inc. and the Swift project authors
+// Licensed under Apache License v2.0 with Runtime Library Exception
+//
+// See https://swift.org/LICENSE.txt for license information
+// See https://swift.org/CONTRIBUTORS.txt for the list of Swift project authors
+
+// REQUIRES: asserts
+// RUN: not --crash %target-swift-frontend %s -emit-ir
+protocol P{func a:Self.a.a{}class a{class a