Add missing retry to atomic exchange

[kjbracey]

Summary of changes

Atomic exchange implementation forgot to do the retry if the exclusive store failed.

Impact of changes

Migration actions required

Documentation

None

---

Pull request type

[X] Patch update (Bug fix / Target update / Docs update / Test update / Refactor)
[] Feature update (New feature / Functionality change / New API)
[] Major update (Breaking change E.g. Return code change / API behaviour change)

---

Test results

[] No Tests required for this change (E.g docs only update)
[] Covered by existing mbed-os tests (Greentea or Unittest)
[] Tests / results supplied as part of this PR

---

Reviewers

---

[ciarmcom]

@kjbracey-arm, thank you for your changes.
@ARMmbed/mbed-os-core @ARMmbed/mbed-os-maintainers please review.

[0xc0170]

CI started

[mbed-ci]

Jenkins CI Test : ❌ FAILED

Build Number: 1 | 🔒 Jenkins CI Job | 🌐 Logs & Artifacts

CLICK for Detailed Summary

jobs	Status
jenkins-ci/mbed-os-ci_unittests	✔️
jenkins-ci/mbed-os-ci_cmake-example-GCC_ARM	✔️
jenkins-ci/mbed-os-ci_build-greentea-ARM	✔️
jenkins-ci/mbed-os-ci_build-cloud-example-GCC_ARM	✔️
jenkins-ci/mbed-os-ci_build-cloud-example-ARM	✔️
jenkins-ci/mbed-os-ci_cmake-example-ARM	✔️
jenkins-ci/mbed-os-ci_build-greentea-GCC_ARM	✔️
jenkins-ci/mbed-os-ci_build-example-ARM	✔️
jenkins-ci/mbed-os-ci_build-example-GCC_ARM	✔️
jenkins-ci/mbed-os-ci_cmake-example-test	✔️
jenkins-ci/mbed-os-ci_cloud-client-pytest	❌
jenkins-ci/mbed-os-ci_greentea-test	✔️

[0xc0170]

Ci restarted

[mbed-ci]

Jenkins CI Test : ✔️ SUCCESS

Build Number: 2 | 🔒 Jenkins CI Job | 🌐 Logs & Artifacts

CLICK for Detailed Summary

jobs	Status
jenkins-ci/mbed-os-ci_unittests	✔️
jenkins-ci/mbed-os-ci_cmake-example-ARM	✔️
jenkins-ci/mbed-os-ci_cmake-example-GCC_ARM	✔️
jenkins-ci/mbed-os-ci_build-greentea-ARM	✔️
jenkins-ci/mbed-os-ci_build-greentea-GCC_ARM	✔️
jenkins-ci/mbed-os-ci_build-example-ARM	✔️
jenkins-ci/mbed-os-ci_build-example-GCC_ARM	✔️
jenkins-ci/mbed-os-ci_build-cloud-example-GCC_ARM	✔️
jenkins-ci/mbed-os-ci_build-cloud-example-ARM	✔️
jenkins-ci/mbed-os-ci_cmake-example-test	✔️
jenkins-ci/mbed-os-ci_cloud-client-pytest	✔️
jenkins-ci/mbed-os-ci_greentea-test	✔️