Fix and simplify error de-duplication

[ilevkivskyi]

Fixes #19240
Fixes #13517
Fixes #17791

Existing de-duplication logic is both complicated and fragile. By specifying a parent_error for a note explicitly, we can do everything in a more robust and simple way. In addition, this new argument makes error code matching simpler.

[ilevkivskyi]

I like the mypy_primer results, apart from fixing the de-duplication logic for protocols and overrides (which is the core goal of this PR), this has also the effect that "note: Foo defined here" is only shown once per line if there are multiple unexpected keyword arguments in the same function call.

[ilevkivskyi]

Hm, it looks like it may also fix couple other issues. I will check now, and add tests if yes.

[sterliakov]

Results look amazing, this should also fix duplicated compatibility notes in #19168.

[github-actions]

Diff from mypy_primer, showing the effect of this PR on open source code:

colour (https://github.com/colour-science/colour)
+ colour/algebra/tests/test_extrapolation.py:140: note:     Setter types should behave contravariantly

prefect (https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect)
- src/prefect/settings/legacy.py:136: note:     Expected:
- src/prefect/settings/legacy.py:136: note:         def __hash__() -> int
- src/prefect/settings/legacy.py:136: note:     Got:
- src/prefect/settings/legacy.py:136: note:         def __hash__(self: object) -> int
- ...:136: note: "__init_subclass__" of "object" defined here
- ...:136: note: "__init_subclass__" of "object" defined here
- ...:136: note: "__init_subclass__" of "object" defined here
- ...:136: note: "__init_subclass__" of "object" defined here

tornado (https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado)
- tornado/test/web_test.py:1539: note:      Superclass:
- tornado/test/web_test.py:1539: note:          @classmethod
- tornado/test/web_test.py:1539: note:          def make_static_url(cls, settings: dict[str, Any], path: str, include_version: bool = ...) -> str
- tornado/test/web_test.py:1539: note:      Subclass:
- tornado/test/web_test.py:1539: note:          @classmethod
- tornado/test/web_test.py:1539: note:          def make_static_url(cls, settings: Any, path: Any) -> Any

ibis (https://github.com/ibis-project/ibis)
- ibis/backends/snowflake/__init__.py:464: note:      Superclass:
- ibis/backends/snowflake/__init__.py:464: note:          def to_pandas_batches(self, Expr, /, *, params: Mapping[Scalar, Any] | None = ..., limit: int | str | None = ..., chunk_size: int = ..., **kwargs: Any) -> Iterator[DataFrame | Series[Any] | Any]
- ibis/backends/snowflake/__init__.py:464: note:      Subclass:
- ibis/backends/snowflake/__init__.py:464: note:          def to_pandas_batches(self, Expr, /, *, params: Mapping[Scalar, Any] | None = ..., limit: int | str | None = ..., chunk_size: int = ...) -> Iterator[DataFrame | Series[Any] | Any]
- ibis/backends/mysql/__init__.py:157: note:      Superclass:
- ibis/backends/mysql/__init__.py:157: note:          def list_databases(self, *, like: str | None = ..., catalog: str | None = ...) -> list[str]
- ibis/backends/mysql/__init__.py:157: note:      Subclass:
- ibis/backends/mysql/__init__.py:157: note:          def list_databases(self, *, like: str | None = ...) -> list[str]
- ibis/backends/mysql/__init__.py:222: note:      Superclass:
- ibis/backends/mysql/__init__.py:222: note:          def create_database(self, str, /, *, catalog: str | None = ..., force: bool = ...) -> None
- ibis/backends/mysql/__init__.py:222: note:      Subclass:
- ibis/backends/mysql/__init__.py:222: note:          def create_database(self, name: str, force: bool = ...) -> None
- ibis/backends/impala/__init__.py:206: note:      Superclass:
- ibis/backends/impala/__init__.py:206: note:          def list_databases(self, *, like: str | None = ..., catalog: str | None = ...) -> list[str]
- ibis/backends/impala/__init__.py:206: note:      Subclass:
- ibis/backends/impala/__init__.py:206: note:          def list_databases(self, *, like: str | None = ...) -> list[str]
- ...:114: note: "__init__" of "object" defined here
- ...:114: note: "__init__" of "object" defined here

hydpy (https://github.com/hydpy-dev/hydpy)
- hydpy/core/netcdftools.py:489: note:     Expected:
- hydpy/core/netcdftools.py:489: note:         def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Buffer]
- hydpy/core/netcdftools.py:489: note:     Got:
- hydpy/core/netcdftools.py:489: note:         def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[int]

yarl (https://github.com/aio-libs/yarl)
+ yarl/_url.py:1266:23: note:     keys
+ yarl/_url.py:1266:23: note: Following member(s) of "str" have conflicts:
+ yarl/_url.py:1266:23: note: Following member(s) of "str" have conflicts:

starlette (https://github.com/encode/starlette)
- starlette/websockets.py:21: note: "WebSocketDenialResponse" defined here
- starlette/websockets.py:21: note: "WebSocketDenialResponse" defined here

freqtrade (https://github.com/freqtrade/freqtrade)
- ...:1314: note: "infer_objects" of "Series" defined here

discord.py (https://github.com/Rapptz/discord.py)
- ...:1014: note: "update" of "TypedDict" defined here

zulip (https://github.com/zulip/zulip)
- ...:114: note: "SubTest" defined here
- ...:114: note: "SubTest" defined here
- ...:114: note: "SubTest" defined here
- ...:114: note: "SubTest" defined here
- ...:114: note: "SubTest" defined here
- ...:114: note: "SubTest" defined here
- ...:114: note: "SubTest" defined here
- ...:114: note: "SubTest" defined here
- ...:114: note: "SubTest" defined here
- ...:114: note: "SubTest" defined here
- ...:114: note: "SubTest" defined here
- ...:114: note: "SubTest" defined here
- ...:114: note: "SubTest" defined here
- ...:114: note: "SubTest" defined here
- ...:114: note: "SubTest" defined here

sphinx (https://github.com/sphinx-doc/sphinx)
- sphinx/transforms/__init__.py: note: In function "apply":
- sphinx/transforms/__init__.py:433:32: error: Call to untyped function "astext" in typed context  [no-untyped-call]
- sphinx/transforms/__init__.py: note: In member "apply" of class "GlossarySorter":
- sphinx/transforms/__init__.py:433:32: error: Call to untyped function "astext" in typed context  [no-untyped-call]
- sphinx/transforms/__init__.py: note: In function "apply":
- sphinx/transforms/__init__.py:433:32: error: Call to untyped function "astext" in typed context  [no-untyped-call]