rework #[naked] attribute parser

[jdonszelmann]

r? @ghost

Note: blocked by #142491 and transitively #138165

[rust-log-analyzer]

The job mingw-check-2 failed! Check out the build log: (web) (plain)

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    = help: to override `-D warnings` add `#[allow(rustdoc::broken_intra_doc_links)]`

error: could not document `rustc_attr_data_structures`
warning: build failed, waiting for other jobs to finish...
Command has failed. Rerun with -v to see more details.
Build completed unsuccessfully in 0:01:43
  local time: Thu Jun 19 08:54:38 UTC 2025
  network time: Thu, 19 Jun 2025 08:54:38 GMT
##[error]Process completed with exit code 1.
Post job cleanup.