[flang] Add cmake error if building with clang-cl and MSVC 17.12

[DavidTruby]

A bug in the C++ library in MSVC 17.12 prevents clang-cl from being able to build flang with that library version. This bug is not present in 17.11 or earlier, nor in 17.13. This patch adds a cmake error telling the user to either upgrade or downgrade to avoid the bug.

[DavidTruby]

@h-vetinari I couldn't ping you for review on this for some reason but thought you might have some input on it

[h-vetinari]

@h-vetinari I couldn't ping you for review on this for some reason but thought you might have some input on it

Thanks. While I'm not excited about this, it does sound like a reasonable thing to avoid predictably falling over later. Hopefully 17.13 is out soon, because we can't really do compiler roll-backs in the images provided for GHA and azure pipelines (to my knowledge at least).

[CaseyCarter]

For posterity: The underlying MSVC problem is microsoft/STL#4959.

[llvm-ci]

LLVM Buildbot has detected a new failure on builder premerge-monolithic-linux running on premerge-linux-1 while building flang at step 7 "test-build-unified-tree-check-all".

Full details are available at: https://lab.llvm.org/buildbot/#/builders/153/builds/17905

Here is the relevant piece of the build log for the reference

Step 7 (test-build-unified-tree-check-all) failure: test (failure)
...
PASS: UBSan-MemorySanitizer-x86_64 :: TestCases/TypeCheck/vptr-non-unique-typeinfo.cpp (93034 of 97063)
PASS: UBSan-Minimal-x86_64 :: TestCases/nullptr-and-nonzero-offset.c (93035 of 97063)
PASS: UBSan-MemorySanitizer-x86_64 :: TestCases/Pointer/nullptr-and-nonzero-offset-summary.cpp (93036 of 97063)
PASS: UBSan-Standalone-lld-x86_64 :: TestCases/Float/cast-overflow.cpp (93037 of 97063)
PASS: UBSan-Standalone-lld-x86_64 :: TestCases/ImplicitConversion/integer-sign-change-summary.cpp (93038 of 97063)
PASS: UBSan-Standalone-lld-x86_64 :: TestCases/ImplicitConversion/signed-integer-truncation-or-sign-change-summary.cpp (93039 of 97063)
PASS: UBSan-Standalone-lld-x86_64 :: TestCases/ImplicitConversion/signed-integer-truncation-summary.cpp (93040 of 97063)
PASS: UBSan-MemorySanitizer-x86_64 :: TestCases/Pointer/align-assume-ignorelist.cpp (93041 of 97063)
PASS: UBSan-MemorySanitizer-x86_64 :: TestCases/TypeCheck/Function/function.cpp (93042 of 97063)
TIMEOUT: MLIR :: Examples/standalone/test.toy (93043 of 97063)
******************** TEST 'MLIR :: Examples/standalone/test.toy' FAILED ********************
Exit Code: 1
Timeout: Reached timeout of 60 seconds

Command Output (stdout):
--
# RUN: at line 1
"/etc/cmake/bin/cmake" "/build/buildbot/premerge-monolithic-linux/llvm-project/mlir/examples/standalone" -G "Ninja"  -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=/usr/bin/clang++  -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=/usr/bin/clang   -DLLVM_ENABLE_LIBCXX=OFF -DMLIR_DIR=/build/buildbot/premerge-monolithic-linux/build/lib/cmake/mlir  -DLLVM_USE_LINKER=lld  -DPython3_EXECUTABLE="/usr/bin/python3.10"
# executed command: /etc/cmake/bin/cmake /build/buildbot/premerge-monolithic-linux/llvm-project/mlir/examples/standalone -G Ninja -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=/usr/bin/clang++ -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=/usr/bin/clang -DLLVM_ENABLE_LIBCXX=OFF -DMLIR_DIR=/build/buildbot/premerge-monolithic-linux/build/lib/cmake/mlir -DLLVM_USE_LINKER=lld -DPython3_EXECUTABLE=/usr/bin/python3.10
# .---command stdout------------
# | -- The CXX compiler identification is Clang 16.0.6
# | -- The C compiler identification is Clang 16.0.6
# | -- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info
# | -- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info - done
# | -- Check for working CXX compiler: /usr/bin/clang++ - skipped
# | -- Detecting CXX compile features
# | -- Detecting CXX compile features - done
# | -- Detecting C compiler ABI info
# | -- Detecting C compiler ABI info - done
# | -- Check for working C compiler: /usr/bin/clang - skipped
# | -- Detecting C compile features
# | -- Detecting C compile features - done
# | -- Looking for histedit.h
# | -- Looking for histedit.h - found
# | -- Found LibEdit: /usr/include (found version "2.11") 
# | -- Found ZLIB: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libz.so (found version "1.2.11") 
# | -- Found LibXml2: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libxml2.so (found version "2.9.13") 
# | -- Using MLIRConfig.cmake in: /build/buildbot/premerge-monolithic-linux/build/lib/cmake/mlir
# | -- Using LLVMConfig.cmake in: /build/buildbot/premerge-monolithic-linux/build/lib/cmake/llvm
# | -- Linker detection: unknown
# | -- Performing Test LLVM_LIBSTDCXX_MIN
# | -- Performing Test LLVM_LIBSTDCXX_MIN - Success
# | -- Performing Test LLVM_LIBSTDCXX_SOFT_ERROR
# | -- Performing Test LLVM_LIBSTDCXX_SOFT_ERROR - Success
# | -- Performing Test CXX_SUPPORTS_CUSTOM_LINKER
# | -- Performing Test CXX_SUPPORTS_CUSTOM_LINKER - Success
# | -- Performing Test C_SUPPORTS_FPIC
# | -- Performing Test C_SUPPORTS_FPIC - Success
# | -- Performing Test CXX_SUPPORTS_FPIC